High School and Extracurricular School Food Essay

This concise locations â€Å"open† or â€Å"off † grounds arrangements that permit secondary school understudies to go off grounds to buy and have food during their lunch periods. The short features issues identified with open grounds approaches and supplements the different Legal Notes: Open Campus Lunch, which features a portion of the lawful issues identified with off grounds lunch and the making of viable arrangement tending to this issue. OPEN CAMPUS LUNCH POLICY DECISIONMAKERS Copies of Legal Notes: Open Campus Lunch, Mapping School Food, and other related materials are accessible on the Public Health Advocacy Institute site at: www.phaionline. organization/schoolfood. For additional on Potter Boxes, if you don't mind audit Mapping School Food. A speedy preliminary, Potter Boxes at a Glance, is likewise given close to the finish of this brief. This issue brief and the lawful notes will assist you with creating your own Potter Boxâ€a dynamic matrixâ€that gives a lawful and social structure and recognizes key lawful passageways coordinated towards arriving at your strategy objective. This brief characterizes an open or off grounds strategy as one that permits select or all understudies to leave grounds during the lunch time frame to buy or expend food and refreshments. In this manner, a school with a â€Å"modified† strategy that just permits certain understudies who meet indicated prerequisites to go off grounds is considered to have an open grounds strategy. This brief characterizes a shut grounds strategy as one that doesn't permit any understudies to leave grounds during lunch or some other time during the school day. The focal point of this brief is on secondary schools, in spite of the fact that exploration and information that reach out to basic and center school understudies were assessed in readiness of this brief. Open and shut grounds strategies can be set at the state level by a state leading group of instruction or by the state’s training code. Normally, approaches are set at the region level by the school area board. The area can make base rules setting up an open grounds, however it can furthermore permit the head at each school the position to make arrangements or choose in specific situations whether to permit off grounds benefits. In California, for example, the Stockton Unified School District board strategy makes nitty gritty arrangements for open grounds however enables the school chief to totally close grounds if there are explicit motivations to do as such. Notwithstanding board individuals, the administrator is a key leader since the person in question must execute the board’s strategies. Off grounds arrangements can likewise be set at the school level by the head. See legitimate notes, School Structure, Power, and Responsibility: From State Laws to High School Handbooks, for extra data. Open grounds lunch laws and strategies don't exist in a vacuum. Strategy objectives, network backing, and explicit situational realities must be mulled over or the law or strategy can be rendered pointless, hurtful, or disregarded. OPEN AND CLOSED CAMPUSES BY THE NUMBERS High schools will in general have unhealthier school food situations than primary schools. Open and shut school grounds approaches can possibly influence students’ wellbeing, security, and security, just as to impact the school condition itself in these 1 Open Campus Lunch Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food zones. The 2006 School Health Policies and Programs Study demonstrated that across the country 71. 1 percent of secondary school areas and 73. 1 percent of secondary schools had a shut grounds strategy where understudies couldn't leave grounds during lunch or at some other time during the school day (contrasted and 65. 9 and 73. 4 percent, individually, in 2000). This is like a finding of around 25 percent of secondary schools having open grounds acquired in spring 2005 by the third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study (SNDA-III). Rates can shift by state and study. A 2003 review of California secondary schools found that 46 percent had open grounds, equivalent to it found in its 2000 overview. We directed a little, casual study with individuals who gave contribution to Mapping School Food and who sway the school food condition in Arkansas, California, Massachusetts, and Mississippi. We likewise looked into notes from interviews led in 2007 in anticipation of Mapping School Food. The aftereffects of the overview are narrative proof to upgrade this brief and can't be summed up. A little under one fifth of those reviewed expressed that the school or locale they worked with had an open grounds strategy. Some didn't have open grounds since they worked essentially with more youthful understudies not yet in secondary school. There is a solid connection between a student’s dietary conduct and their danger of getting overweight. Understudies should eat less low-supplement, vitality thick nourishments and drinks and more organic products, vegetables, and low-or no-fat milk. An investigation of Minnesota optional school understudies found a solid connection between recurrence of eating cheap food and â€Å"poorer food choices,† bringing about progressively greasy and sweet foodsâ€and less natural products, vegetables, and milkâ€consumed. A large portion of those we overviewed felt that food and drinks got through snack bars, pledge drives, school stores, and off grounds lunch periods were unfortunate, and over half accepted that understudies would buy more advantageous nourishments on the off chance that they were accessible. They imagined that the majority of their understudies who purchased food and drinks close to grounds did as such at chain inexpensive food foundations and minimarts with arranged nourishments. Contingent upon what is offered in the cafeteria and school, shutting the grounds for lunch could dispose of the inexpensive food choice and help reinforce great food decisions. Nourishments sponsored by government programs must agree to certain sustenance guidelines and by and large are called program food sources, while all other school food for the most part can be considered non-program or serious food sources. For more data, see Mapping School Food, especially Appendix: Federal School Meal Programs and its Legal Practitioner’s Point. The United States Department of Agriculture’s SNDA-III found that understudies who took part inâ the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) were bound to expend natural products, vegetables, and milk. Correspondingly, non-members were bound to expend bites, treats, and refreshments like soft drinks during the lunch time frame. Strategy changes that limited non-program nourishments, which means food acquired through school stores, lunch rooms, and individually choices, brought about a decrease of sugar-improved refreshments devoured by center and secondary school youth. Shut secondary school grounds additionally were connected to an expansion in eating vegetables. Be that as it may, these underlying investigations from the dataset gathered during the 2004â€2005 academic year must be thought about with one finding of no solid relationship between school food strategies and secondary school students’ stoutness hazard. Proceeded with investigation into this rich informational index is important to explain and additionally advise these examinations. Policymakers ought to investigate if shutting grounds for lunch will improve more advantageous decisions and dietary patterns. The 2003 California High School Fast Food â€Å"The food condition encompassing schools could without much of a stretch discredit school food arrangements and wellbeing training in the homeroom, particularly in secondary schools with an open grounds strategy that permits understudies to leave grounds during their mid-day break. † STURM (2008) STUDENT HEALTH, NUTRITION, EATING PATTERNS, AND SCHOOL FOOD The school condition is a significant circle in the improvement of dietary conduct. Policymakers should create school food laws or decides that energize more beneficial choices while limiting unhealthier alternatives. They additionally ought to survey open grounds lunch arrangements on the grounds that these approaches can influence strategy objectives with respect to the school food condition. 2 Open Campus Lunch Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food Survey discovered signs that schools with an open grounds lunch strategy announced less support in the NSLP contrasted with schools with shut grounds approaches. The SNDA-III announced that 14 percent of secondary school understudies who were met about what they ate on a specific day revealed that they didn't take an interest in the NSLP on the grounds that they went off grounds to have lunch. Consequently, there is the likelihood that shut grounds arrangements could support expanded NSLP cooperation and more beneficial dietary patterns. Open and shut grounds lunch arrangements must be inspected further with regards to their relationship to class food and understudy wellbeing. There is likewise a discernment issue that requests consideration. Concerning grounds lunch arrangements, one Massachusetts Food Service Director remarked, â€Å"It sends the message that school food isn't in the same class as cheap food and furthermore there are a lot of security issues engaged with leaving and returning. † Some understudies may see a specific disgrace as to cafeteria foodâ€particularly program foodsâ€which must be rectified. Grouping OF FAST FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES food or different foundations bunching around the school ought to assessed. School strategy should likewise consider understudy subgroups that could be dissimilarly affected by the grouping of inexpensive food foundations as well as the unfavorable wellbeing impacts of overweight. Studies show that drive-through eateries group inside simple strolling separation around schools. An ongoing investigation of center and secondary schools in California found an immediate connection between cheap food foundations being close to those schools and the understudies being overweight. It likewise found that understudies inside strolling separation of drive-thru eateries were essentially more averse to state they had eaten organic products or vegetables and bound to have expended pop. The examination found a bigger relationship of overweight being related with cheap food closeness for Black understudies which it didn't discover w

Trademark Dilution Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trademark Dilution - Coursework Example Another significant part of trademark weakening is whether in actuality, trademarks forestall such tactless conduct as the business is attempting to forestall. Obviously it is one thing to cry foul about trademarks and very another to set up their adequacy. The motivation behind why this is the situation is basically on the grounds that imaginative offices in organizations create novel intends to respond the endeavors and results of different organizations. At long last there will be a point by point examination of the monetary effect of weakening. Trademark weakening is the United States for example is a genuinely ongoing wonder remembering that the fundamental enactment was passed in 1995. That was the year that the Federal Trademark Dilution act was passed. It tried to ensure huge organizations against the ‘gradual shaving away’ of eminent brands by new entrants1. This was a push to secure huge business to the detriment of up and coming organizations. This, as the more style cognizant will note, is a well known brand. The aggressors were a couple; the Moseley’s who had submitted the indefensible demonstration of opening a dress store in Kentucky called ‘Victor’s Secret’. The more eminent organization cautioned them off such a store name yet just prevailing with regards to making them change it to ‘Victor’s Little Secret’. This despite everything missed the mark concerning the requests of the eminent retailer who thought a total difference in name was the main way out2. As occurs in all instances of this sort, the issue wound up in court. In the Sixth Circuit it was concurred that there was conceivable weakening for this situation. There were the typical trades related with legal advisors in such situations where the law isn't clear, with each side giving its own translation that was well disposed to its customer. The Moseley’s legal counselor demanded that the design mammoth must table real ‘economic harm’. In this way, the entire business of trademarks is the avoidance of any probable

The last cab ride

The last cab ride Twenty years ago, I drove a cab for a living. One time I arrived in the middle of the night for a pick up at a building that was dark except for a single light in a ground floor window.Under these circumstances, many drivers would just honk once or twice, wait a minute, then drive away. But I had seen too many impoverished people who depended on taxis as their only means of transportation. Unless a situation smelled of danger, I always went to the door. This passenger might be someone who needs my assistance, I reasoned to myself. So I walked to the door and knocked.Just a minute, answered a frail, elderly voice. I could hear something being dragged across the floor. After a long pause, the door opened. A small woman in her 80s stood before me. She was wearing a print dress and a pillbox hat with a veil pinned on it, like somebody out of a 1940s movie. By her side was a small nylon suitcase.The apartment looked as if no one had lived in it for years. All the furniture was covered wi th sheets. There were no clocks on the walls, no knickknacks or utensils on the counters. In the corner was a cardboard box filled with photos and glassware.Would you carry my bag out to the car? she said. I took the suitcase to the cab, then returned to assist the woman. She took my arm and we walked slowly toward the curb. She kept thanking me for my kindness.Its nothing, I told her. I just try to treat my passengers the way I would want my mother treated.Oh, youre such a good boy, she said. When we got in the cab, she gave me an address, then asked, Could you drive through downtown?Its not the shortest way, I answered quickly.Oh, I dont mind, she said. Im in no hurry. Im on my way to a hospice.I looked in the rear view mirror. Her eyes were glistening.I dont have any family left, she continued. The doctor says I dont have very long.I quietly reached over and shut off the meter. What route would you like me to take? I asked.For the next two hours, we drove through the city. She sh owed me the building where she had once worked as an elevator operator. We drove through the neighborhood where she and her husband had lived when they were newlyweds. She had me pull up in front of a furniture warehouse that had once been a ballroom where she had gone dancing as a girl.Sometimes shed ask me to slow in front of a particular building or corner and would sit staring into the darkness, saying nothing.As the first hint of sun was creasing the horizon, she suddenly said, Im tired. Lets go now.We drove in silence to the address she had given me.It was a low building, like a small convalescent home, with a driveway that passed under a portico. Two orderlies came out to the cab as soon as we pulled up. They were solicitous and intent, watching her every move. They must have been expecting her. I opened the trunk and took the small suitcase to the door. The woman was already seated in a wheelchair.How much do I owe you? she asked, reaching into her purse.Nothing, I said.You have to make a living, she answered.There are other passengers.Almost without thinking, I bent and gave her a hug. She held onto me tightly.You gave an old woman a little moment of joy, she said. Thank you.I squeezed her hand, then walked into the dim morning light. Behind me, a door shut. It was the sound of the closing of a life.I didnt pick up any more passengers that shift. I drove aimlessly, lost in thought. For the rest of that day, I could hardly talk. What if that woman had gotten an angry driver, or one who was impatient to end his shift? What if I had refused to take the run, or had honked once, then driven away? On a quick review, I dont think that I have done anything more important in my life. Were conditioned to think that our lives revolve around great moments. But great moments often catch us unawareâ€"beautifully wrapped in what others may consider a small one.A true story by Kent Nerburn

Which States Have Had No Women in Congress

What to Expect From University Entrance Essay Samples?

What to Expect From University Entrance Essay Samples? The True Meaning of University Entrance Essay Samples To effectively compose an argument, you want to understand the four standard parts. When you plan your essay and jot down the points you're likely to go over in your draft, you are going to have lot of points to discuss. Within the body, you should have three to four ideas. It's therefore critical that you make certain that you thoroughly plan it well and earn a draft (rough work) of the things which you're going to be discussing before you transfer the draft into the home work. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you require. The samples will provide you with ideas on the way you answer the questions offered to you. Best customized essay services. Order your admission essay at this time and get customized discounts! The Basics of University Entrance Essay Samples Even though it might appear like highly recommended then, plagiarism will undoubtedly enable you to wind up in far more difficulty farther down the road and won't provide you with a hand to train your essay type for more or less any possible future perform you've. Find as many scholarship programs as possible to apply to. If buying university essays, students are encouraged to look at the standard and the price. The entrance exam to go into a college has to be mandatory for all individuals who are thinking about pursuing a career and vocational training for a number of reasons. You will have to pay to submit an application for school, yes. If you don't, you're able to actually hurt your odds of admission. A-G courses are the necessary classes you want to take in high school in order to meet the requirements for UC admission. The Secret to University Entrance Essay Samples Working on your own personal type permits your conntacting be a bit more coherent plus in the finish might help you academic editing providers create far better essays. Whether there are any principal limitations of your work, you are able to also mention this in brief within the introduction. Various things to various folks, since the situation demanded. It is crucial to manage or budget your time to steer clear of difficulties in writing. By considering the real notes consultants have left, additionally, it makes it possible to learn what sorts of questions people will be asking about your essay. As so long and some quite odd buildings the folks might be more jarring than. You see, as a young child, and like nearly all children, I was constantly attempting to impress. The actual individuals highly praise our essay help site. Life, Death and University Entrance Essay Samples When you're writing your research paper's introduction, you ought to be building it around a particular outline that gives a general review of the paper. The essay part of the redesigned SAT won't be required, and we will. The body is essentially the core of your essay or composition. Imagine the attribute of writing you'll receive from a low-cost essay writing service. Best professional on-line essay writer organization is at your services. Our professional writers are prepared to help you with admission essay writing for low price. Writing good compositions is vital in the English Language in the feeling that it enables the student to have the ability to express what is in her or his mind regarding a specific matter. If you are in possession of a crystal clear essay, readers will understand easily what you wish to tell. To be able to compose a very good argumentative essay, you have to first begin with a superior introduction as a way to capture the reader's interest. The conclusion can be composed of at least two sentences. Your conclusion does not need to have to be complex or extraordinary. Let EssayEdge help you compose an application essay which gets noticed. Stephen's essay is rather effective. An argumentative essay includes the next o an introduction. For instance, if you're writing an essay on How Global Warming can be decreased, it'll be a very good idea you take a minute to define what global warming is about in your introductory paragraph.

The Subtle Knife Chapter Fifteen Free Essays

string(127) " they still looked alive; these men were from her own world, and to see them without daemons was a gross and sickening horror\." Chapter Fifteen Bloodmoss On, said the alethiometer. Farther, higher. So on they climbed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Subtle Knife Chapter Fifteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now The witches flew above to spy out the best routes, because the hilly land soon gave way to steeper slopes and rocky footing, and as the sun rose toward noon, the travelers found themselves in a tangled land of dry gullies, cliffs, and boulder-strewn valleys where not a single green leaf grew, and where the stridulation of insects was the only sound. They moved on, stopping only for sips of water from their goatskin flasks, and talking little. Pantalaimon flew above Lyra’s head for a while until he tired of that, and then he became a little sure-footed mountain sheep, vain of his horns, leaping among rocks while Lyra scrambled laboriously alongside. Will moved on grimly, screwing up his eyes against the glare, ignoring the worsening pain from his hand, and finally reaching a state in which movement alone was good and stillness bad, so that he suffered more from resting than from toiling on. And since the failure of the witches’ spell to stop his bleeding, he thought they were regarding him with fear, too, as if he was marked by some curse greater than their own powers. At one point they came to a little lake, a patch of intense blue scarcely thirty yards across among the red rocks. They stopped there to drink and refill their flasks, and to soak their aching feet in the icy water. They stayed a few minutes and moved on, and soon afterward, when the sun was at its highest and hottest, Serafina Pekkala darted down to speak to them. She was agitated. â€Å"I must leave you for a while,† she said. â€Å"Lee Scoresby needs me. I don’t know why. But he wouldn’t call if he didn’t need my help. Keep going, and I’ll find you.† â€Å"Mr. Scoresby?† said Lyra, excited and anxious. â€Å"But where – â€Å" But Serafina was gone, speeding out of sight before Lyra could finish the question. Lyra reached automatically for the alethiometer to ask what had happened to Lee Scoresby, but she let her hand drop, because she’d promised to do no more than guide Will. She looked across to him. He was sitting nearby, his hand held loosely on his knee and still slowly dripping blood, his face scorched by the sun and pale under the burning. â€Å"Will,† she said, â€Å"d’you know why you have to find your father?† â€Å"It’s what I’ve always known. My mother said I’d take up my father’s mantle. That’s all I know.† â€Å"What does that mean, taking up his mantle? What’s a mantle?† â€Å"A task, I suppose. Whatever he’s been doing, I’ve got to carry on. It makes as much sense as anything else.† He wiped the sweat out of his eyes with his right hand. What he couldn’t say was that he longed for his father as a lost child yearns for home. That comparison wouldn’t have occurred to him, because home was the place he kept safe for his mother, not the place others kept safe for him. But it had been five years now since that Saturday morning in the supermarket when the pretend game of hiding from the enemies became desperately real, such a long time in his life, and his heart craved to hear the words â€Å"Well done, well done, my child; no one on earth could have done better; I’m proud of you. Come and rest now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Will longed for that so much that he hardly knew he did. It was just part of what everything felt like. So he couldn’t express that to Lyra now, though she could see it in his eyes, and that was new for her, too, to be quite so perceptive. The fact was that where Will was concerned, she was developing a new kind of sense, as if he were simply more in focus than anyone she’d known before. Everything about him was clear and close and immediate. And she might have said that to him, but at that moment a witch flew down. â€Å"I can see people behind us,† she said. â€Å"They’re a long way back, but they’re moving quickly. Shall I go closer and look?† â€Å"Yes, do,† said Lyra, â€Å"but fly low, and hide, and don’t let them see you.† Will and Lyra got painfully to their feet again and clambered on. â€Å"I been cold plenty of times,† Lyra said, to take her mind off the pursuers, â€Å"but I en’t been this hot, ever. Is it this hot in your world?† â€Å"Not where I used to live. Not normally. But the climate’s been changing. The summers are hotter than they used to be. They say that people have been interfering with the atmosphere by putting chemicals in it, and the weather’s going out of control.† â€Å"Yeah, well, they have,† said Lyra, â€Å"and it is. And we’re here in the middle of it.† He was too hot and thirsty to reply, and they climbed on breathlessly in the throbbing air. Pantalaimon was a cricket now, and sat on Lyra’s shoulder, too tired to leap or fly. From time to time the witches would see a spring high up, too high to climb to, and fly up to fill the children’s flasks. They would soon have died without water, and there was none where they were; any spring that made its way into the air was soon swallowed again among the rocks. And so they moved on, toward evening. The witch who flew back to spy was called Lena Feldt. She flew low, from crag to crag, and as the sun was setting and drawing a wild blood-red out of the rocks, she came to the little blue lake and found a troop of soldiers making camp. But her first glimpse of them told her more than she wanted to know; these soldiers had no daemons. And they weren’t from Will’s world, or the world of Cittagazze, where people’s daemons were inside them, and where they still looked alive; these men were from her own world, and to see them without daemons was a gross and sickening horror. You read "The Subtle Knife Chapter Fifteen" in category "Essay examples" Then out of a tent by the lakeside came the explanation. Lena Feldt saw a woman, a short-life, graceful in her khaki hunting clothes and as full of life as the golden monkey who capered along the water’s edge beside her. Lena Feldt hid among the rocks above and watched as Mrs. Coulter spoke to the officer in charge, and as his men put up tents, made fires, boiled water. The witch had been among Serafina Pekkala’s troop who rescued the children at Bolvangar, and she longed to shoot Mrs. Coulter on the spot; but some fortune was protecting the woman, for it was just too far for a bowshot from where she was, and the witch could get no closer without making herself invisible. So she began to make the spell. It took ten minutes of deep concentration. Confident at last, Lena Feldt went down the rocky slope toward the lake, and as she walked through the camp, one or two blank-eyed soldiers glanced up briefly, but found what they saw too hard to remember, and looked away again. The witch stopped outside the tent Mrs. Coulter had gone into, and fitted an arrow to her bowstring. She listened to the low voice through the canvas and then moved carefully to the open flap that overlooked the lake. Inside the tent Mrs. Coulter was talking to a man Lena Feldt hadn’t seen before: an older man, gray-haired and powerful, with a serpent daemon twined around his wrist. He was sitting in a canvas chair beside hers, and she was leaning toward him, speaking softly. â€Å"Of course, Carlo,† she was saying, â€Å"I’ll tell you anything you like. What do you want to know?† â€Å"How do you command the Specters?† the man said. â€Å"I didn’t think it possible, but you have them following you like dogs†¦ Are they afraid of your bodyguard? What is it?† â€Å"Simple,† she said. â€Å"They know I can give them more nourishment if they let me live than if they consume me. I can lead them to all the victims their phantom hearts desire. As soon as you described them to me, I knew I could dominate them, and so it turns out. And a whole world trembles in the power of these pallid things! But, Carlo,† she whispered, â€Å"I can please you, too, you know. Would you like me to please you even more?† â€Å"Marisa,† he murmured, â€Å"it’s enough of a pleasure to be close to you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No, it isn’t, Carlo; you know it isn’t. You know I can please you more than this.† Her daemon’s little black horny hands were stroking the serpent daemon. Little by little the serpent loosened herself and began to flow along the man’s arm toward the monkey. Both the man and the woman were holding glasses of golden wine, and she sipped hers and leaned a little closer to him. â€Å"Ah,† said the man as the daemon slipped slowly off his arm and let her weight into the golden monkey’s hands. The monkey raised her slowly to his face and ran his cheek softly along her emerald skin. Her tongue flicked blackly this way and that, and the man sighed. â€Å"Carlo, tell me why you’re pursuing the boy,† Mrs. Coulter whispered, and her voice was as soft as the monkey’s caress. â€Å"Why do you need to find him?† â€Å"He has something I want. Oh, Marisa – â€Å" â€Å"What is it, Carlo? What’s he got?† He shook his head. But he was finding it hard to resist; his daemon was twined gently around the monkey’s breast, and running her head through and through the long, lustrous fur as his hands moved along her fluid length. Lena Feldt watched them, standing invisible just two paces from where they sat. Her bowstring was taut, the arrow nocked to it in readiness; she could have pulled and loosed in less than a second, and Mrs. Coulter would have been dead before she finished drawing breath. But the witch was curious. She stood still and silent and wide-eyed. But while she was watching Mrs. Coulter, she didn’t look behind her across the little blue lake. On the far side of it in the darkness a grove of ghostly trees seemed to have planted itself, a grove that shivered every so often with a tremor like a conscious intention. But they were not trees, of course; and while all the curiosity of Lena Feldt and her daemon was directed at Mrs. Coulter, one of the pallid forms detached itself from its fellows and drifted across the surface of the icy water, causing not a single ripple, until it paused a foot from the rock on which Lena Feldt’s daemon was perched. â€Å"You could easily tell me, Carlo,† Mrs. Coulter was murmuring. â€Å"You could whisper it. You could pretend to be talking in your sleep, and who could blame you for that? Just tell me what the boy has, and why you want it. I could get it for you†¦ Wouldn’t you like me to do that? Just tell me, Carlo. I don’t want it. I want the girl. What is it? Just tell me, and you shall have it.† He gave a soft shudder. His eyes were closed. Then he said, â€Å"It’s a knife. The subtle knife of Cittagazze. You haven’t heard of it, Marisa? Some people call it teleutaia makhaira, the last knife of all. Others call it Aesahaettr.† â€Å"What does it do, Carlo? Why is it special?† â€Å"Ah†¦ It’s the knife that will cut anything. Not even its makers knew what it could do. Nothing, no one, matter, spirit, angel, air – nothing is invulnerable to the subtle knife. Marisa, it’s mine, you understand?† â€Å"Of course, Carlo. I promise. Let me fill your glass†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And as the golden monkey slowly ran his hands along the emerald serpent again and again, squeezing just a little, lifting, stroking as Sir Charles sighed with pleasure, Lena Feldt saw what was truly happening: because while the man’s eyes were closed, Mrs. Coulter secretly tilted a few drops from a small flask into the glass before filling it again with wine. â€Å"Here, darling,† she whispered. â€Å"Let’s drink, to each other†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He was already intoxicated. He took the glass and sipped greedily, once, again, and again. And then, without any warning, Mrs. Coulter stood up and turned and looked Lena Feldt full in the face. â€Å"Well, witch,† she said, â€Å"did you think I don’t know how you make yourself invisible?† Lena Feldt was too surprised to move. Behind her, the man was struggling to breathe. His chest was heaving, his face was red, and his daemon was limp and fainting in the monkey’s hands. The monkey shook her off in contempt. Lena Feldt tried to swing her bow up, but a fatal paralysis had touched her shoulder. She couldn’t make herself do it. This had never happened before, and she uttered a little cry. â€Å"Oh, it’s too late for that,† said Mrs. Coulter. â€Å"Look at the lake, witch.† Lena Feldt turned and saw her snow bunting daemon fluttering and shrieking as if he were in a glass chamber that was being emptied of air; fluttering and falling, slumping, failing, his beak opening wide, gasping in panic. The Specter had enveloped him. â€Å"No!† she cried, and tried to move toward it, but was driven back by a spasm of nausea. Even in her sickened distress, Lena Feldt could see that Mrs. Coulter had more force in her soul than anyone she had ever seen. It didn’t surprise her to see that the Specter was under Mrs. Coulter’s power; no one could resist that authority. Lena Feldt turned back in anguish to the woman. â€Å"Let him go! Please let him go!† she cried. â€Å"We’ll see. Is the child with you? The girl Lyra?† â€Å"Yes!† â€Å"And a boy, too? A boy with a knife?† â€Å"Yes – I beg you – â€Å" â€Å"And how many witches have you?† â€Å"Twenty! Let him go, let him go!† â€Å"All in the air? Or do some of you stay on the ground with the children?† â€Å"Most in the air, three or four on the ground always – this is anguish – let him go or kill me now!† â€Å"How far up the mountain are they? Are they moving on, or have they stopped to rest?† Lena Feldt told her everything. She could have resisted any torture but what was happening to her daemon now. When Mrs. Coulter had learned all she wanted to know about where the witches were, and how they guarded Lyra and Will, she said, â€Å"And now tell me this. You witches know something about the child Lyra. I nearly learned it from one of your sisters, but she died before I could complete the torture. Well, there is no one to save you now. Tell me the truth about my daughter.† Lena Feldt gasped, â€Å"She will be the mother – she will be life-mother – she will disobey – she will – â€Å" â€Å"Name her! You are saying everything but the most important thing! Name her!† cried Mrs. Coulter. â€Å"Eve! Mother of all! Eve, again! Mother Eve!† stammered Lena Feldt, sobbing. â€Å"Ah,† said Mrs. Coulter. And she breathed a great sigh, as if the purpose of her life was clear to her at last. Dimly the witch saw what she had done, and through the horror that was enveloping her she tried to cry out: â€Å"What will you do to her? What will you do?† â€Å"Why, I shall have to destroy her,† said Mrs. Coulter, â€Å"to prevent another Fall†¦ Why didn’t I see this before? It was too large to see†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She clapped her hands together softly, like a child, wide-eyed. Lena Feldt, whimpering, heard her go on: â€Å"Of course. Asriel will make war on the Authority, and then†¦ Of course, of course. As before, so again. And Lyra is Eve. And this time she will not fall. I’ll see to that.† And Mrs. Coulter drew herself up, and snapped her fingers to the Specter feeding on the witch’s daemon. The little snow bunting daemon lay twitching on the rock as the Specter moved toward the witch herself, and then whatever Lena Feldt had undergone before was doubled and trebled and multiplied a hundredfold. She felt a nausea of the soul, a hideous and sickening despair, a melancholy weariness so profound that she was going to die of it. Her last conscious thought was disgust at life; her senses had lied to her. The world was not made of energy and delight but of foulness, betrayal, and lassitude. Living was hateful, and death was no better, and from end to end of the universe this was the first and last and only truth. Thus she stood, bow in hand, indifferent, dead in life. So Lena Feldt failed to see or to care about what Mrs. Coulter did next. Ignoring the gray-haired man slumped unconscious in the canvas chair and his dull-skinned daemon coiled in the dust, the woman called the captain of the soldiers and ordered them to get ready for a night march up the mountain. Then she went to the edge of the water and called to the Specters. They came at her command, gliding like pillars of mist across the water. She raised her arms and made them forget they were earthbound, so that one by one they rose into the air and floated free like malignant thistledown, drifting up into the night and borne by the air currents toward Will and Lyra and the other witches; but Lena Feldt saw nothing of it. The temperature dropped quickly after dark, and when Will and Lyra had eaten the last of their dry bread, they lay down under an overhanging rock to keep warm and try to sleep. At least Lyra didn’t have to try; she was unconscious in less than a minute, curled tightly around Pantalaimon, but Will couldn’t find sleep, no matter how long he lay there. It was partly his hand, which was now throbbing right up to the elbow and uncomfortably swollen, and partly the hard ground, and partly the cold, and partly utter exhaustion, and partly his longing for his mother. He was afraid for her, of course, and he knew she’d be safer if he was there to look after her; but he wanted her to look after him, too, as she’d done when he was very small. He wanted her to bandage him and tuck him into bed and sing to him and take away all the trouble and surround him with all the warmth and softness and mother-kindness he needed so badly; and it was never going to happen. Part of him was only a little boy still. So he cried, but he lay very still as he did, not wanting to wake Lyra. But he still wasn’t asleep. He was more awake than ever. Finally he uncurled his stiff limbs and got up quietly, shivering; and with the knife at his waist he set off higher up the mountain, to calm his restlessness. Behind him the sentry witch’s robin daemon cocked his head, and she turned from the watch she was keeping to see Will clambering up the rocks. She reached for her pine branch and silently took to the air, not to disturb him but to see that he came to no harm. He didn’t notice. He felt such a need to move and keep moving that he hardly noticed the pain in his hand anymore. He felt as if he should walk all night, all day, forever, because nothing else would calm this fever in his breast. And as if in sympathy with him, a wind was rising. There were no leaves to stir in this wilderness, but the air buffeted his body and made his hair stream away from his face; it was wild outside him and wild within. He climbed higher and higher, hardly once thinking of how he might find his way back down to Lyra, until he came out on a little plateau almost at the top of the world, it seemed. All around him, on every horizon, the mountains reached no higher. In the brilliant glare of the moon the only colors were stark black and dead white, and every edge was jagged and every surface bare. The wild wind must have been bringing clouds overhead, because suddenly the moon was covered, and darkness swept over the whole landscape – thick clouds, too, for no gleam of moonlight shone through them. In less than a minute Will found himself in nearly total darkness. And at the same moment Will felt a grip on his right arm. He cried out with shock and twisted away at once, but the grip was tenacious. And Will was savage now. He felt he was at the very end of everything; and if it was the end of his life, too, he was going to fight and fight till he fell. So he twisted and kicked and twisted again, but that hand wouldn’t let go; and since it was his right arm being held, he couldn’t get at the knife. He tried with his left, but he was being jerked around so much, and his hand was so painful and swollen, that he couldn’t reach; he had to fight with one bare, wounded hand against a grown man. He sank his teeth into the hand on his forearm, but all that happened was that the man landed a dizzying blow on the back of his head. Then Will kicked again and again, and some of the kicks connected and some didn’t, and all the time he was pulling, jerking, twisting, shoving, and still the grip held him fast. Dimly he heard his own panting and the man’s grunts and harsh breathing; and then by chance he got his leg behind the man’s and hurled himself against his chest, and the man fell with Will on top of him, heavily. But never for a moment did that grip slacken, and Will, rolling around violently on the stony ground, felt a heavy fear tighten around his heart: this man would never let him go, and even if he killed him, his corpse would still be holding fast. But Will was weakening, and now he was crying, too, sobbing bitterly as he kicked and tugged and beat at the man with his head and feet, and he knew his muscles would give up soon. And then he noticed that the man had fallen still, though his hand still gripped as tight as ever. He was lying there letting Will batter at him with knees and head; and as soon as Will saw that, the last of his strength left him, and he fell helpless beside his opponent, every nerve in his body ringing and dizzy and throbbing. Will hauled himself up painfully, peered through the deep darkness, and made out a blur of white on the ground beside the man. It was the white breast and head of a great bird, an osprey, a daemon, and it was lying still. Will tried to pull away, and his feeble tug woke a response from the man, whose hand hadn’t loosened. But he was moving. He was feeling Will’s right hand carefully with his free one. Will’s hair stood on end. Then the man said, â€Å"Give me your other hand.† â€Å"Be careful,† said Will. The man’s free hand felt down Will’s left arm, and his fingertips moved gently over the wrist and on to the swollen palm and with the utmost delicacy on to the stumps of Will’s two lost fingers. His other hand let go at once, and he sat up. â€Å"You’ve got the knife,† he said. â€Å"You’re the knife bearer.† His voice was resonant, harsh, but breathless. Will sensed that he was badly hurt. Had he wounded this dark opponent? Will was still lying on the stones, utterly spent. All he could see was the man’s shape, crouching above him, but he couldn’t see his face. The man was reaching sideways for something, and after a few moments a marvelous soothing coolness spread into his hand from the stumps of his fingers as the man massaged a salve into his skin. â€Å"What are you doing?† Will said. â€Å"Curing your wound. Keep still.† â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"I’m the only man who knows what the knife is for. Hold your hand up like that. Don’t move.† The wind was beating more wildly than ever, and a drop or two of rain splashed onto Will’s face. He was trembling violently, but he propped up his left hand with his right while the man spread more ointment over the stumps and wound a strip of linen tightly around the hand. And as soon as the dressing was secure, the man slumped sideways and lay down himself. Will, still bemused by the blessed cool numbness in his hand, tried to sit up and look at him. But it was darker than ever. He felt forward with his right hand and found himself touching the man’s chest, where the heart was beating like a bird against the bars of a cage. â€Å"Yes,† the man said hoarsely. â€Å"Try and cure that, go on.† â€Å"Are you ill?† â€Å"I’ll be better soon. You have the knife, yes?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And you know how to use it?† â€Å"Yes, yes. But are you from this world? How do you know about it?† â€Å"Listen,† said the man, sitting up with a struggle. â€Å"Don’t interrupt. If you’re the bearer of the knife, you have a task that’s greater than you can imagine. A child†¦ How could they let it happen? Well, so it must be†¦ There is a war coming, boy. The greatest war there ever was. Something like it happened before, and this time the right side must win. We’ve had nothing but lies and propaganda and cruelty and deceit for all the thousands of years of human history. It’s time we started again, but properly this time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped to take in several rattling breaths. â€Å"The knife,† he went on after a minute. â€Å"They never knew what they were making, those old philosophers. They invented a device that could split open the very smallest particles of matter, and they used it to steal candy. They had no idea that they’d made the one weapon in all the universes that could defeat the tyrant. The Authority. God. The rebel angels fell because they didn’t have anything like the knife; but now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I didn’t want it! I don’t want it now!† Will cried. â€Å"If you want it, you can have it! I hate it, and I hate what it does – â€Å" â€Å"Too late. You haven’t any choice: you’re the bearer. It’s picked you out. And, what’s more, they know you’ve got it; and if you don’t use it against them, they’ll tear it from your hands and use it against the rest of us, forever and ever.† â€Å"But why should I fight them? I’ve been fighting too much; I can’t go on fighting. I want to – â€Å" â€Å"Have you won your fights?† Will was silent. Then he said, â€Å"Yes, I suppose.† â€Å"You fought for the knife?† â€Å"Yes, but – â€Å" â€Å"Then you’re a warrior. That’s what you are. Argue with anything else, but don’t argue with your own nature.† Will knew that the man was speaking the truth. But it wasn’t a welcome truth. It was heavy and painful. The man seemed to know that, because he let Will bow his head before he spoke again. â€Å"There are two great powers,† the man said, â€Å"and they’ve been fighting since time began. Every advance in human life, every scrap of knowledge and wisdom and decency we have has been torn by one side from the teeth of the other. Every little increase in human freedom has been fought over ferociously between those who want us to know more and be wiser and stronger, and those who want us to obey and be humble and submit.† â€Å"And now those two powers are lining up for battle. And each of them wants that knife of yours more than anything else. You have to choose, boy. We’ve been guided here, both of us – you with the knife, and me to tell you about it.† â€Å"No! You’re wrong!† cried Will. â€Å"I wasn’t looking for anything like that! That’s not what I was looking for at all!† â€Å"You might not think so, but that’s what you’ve found,† said the man in the darkness. â€Å"But what must I do?† And then Stanislaus Grumman, Jopari, John Parry hesitated. He was painfully aware of the oath he’d sworn to Lee Scoresby, and he hesitated before he broke it; but break it he did. â€Å"You must go to Lord Asriel,† he said, â€Å"and tell him that Stanislaus Grumman sent you, and that you have the one weapon he needs above all others. Like it or not, boy, you have a job to do. Ignore everything else, no matter how important it seems, and go and do this. Someone will appear to guide you; the night is full of angels. Your wound will heal now?C Wait. Before you go, I want to look at you properly.† He felt for the pack he’d been carrying and took something out, unfolding layers of oilskin and then striking a match to light a little tin lantern. In its light, through the rain-dashed windy air, the two looked at each other. Will saw blazing blue eyes in a haggard face with several days’ growth of beard on the stubborn jaw, gray-haired, drawn with pain, a thin body hunched in a heavy cloak trimmed with feathers. The shaman saw a boy even younger than he’d thought, his slim body shivering in a torn linen shirt and his expression exhausted and savage and wary, but alight with a wild curiosity, his eyes wide under the straight black brows, so like his mother’s†¦ And there came just the first flicker of something else to both of them. But in that same moment, as the lantern light flared over John Parry’s face, something shot down from the turbid sky, and he fell back dead before he could say a word, an arrow in his failing heart. The osprey daemon vanished in a moment. Will could only sit stupefied. A flicker crossed the corner of his vision, and his right hand darted up at once, and he found he was clutching a robin, a daemon, red-breasted, panicking. â€Å"No! No!† cried the witch Juta Kamainen, and fell down after him, clutching at her own heart, crashing clumsily into the rocky ground and struggling up again. But Will was there before she could find her feet, and the subtle knife was at her throat. â€Å"Why did you do that?† he shouted. â€Å"Why did you kill him?† â€Å"Because I loved him and he scorned me! I am a witch! I don’t forgive!† And because she was a witch she wouldn’t have been afraid of a boy, normally. But she was afraid of Will. This young wounded figure held more force and danger than she’d ever met in a human before, and she quailed. She fell backward, and he followed and gripped her hair with his left hand, feeling no pain, feeling only an immense and shattering despair. â€Å"You don’t know who he was,† he cried. â€Å"He was my father!† She shook her head and whispered, â€Å"No. No! That can’t be true. Impossible!† â€Å"You think things have to be possible? Things have to be true! He was my father, and neither of us knew it till the second you killed him! Witch, I wait all my life and come all this way and I find him at last, and you kill him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And he shook her head like a rag and threw her back against the ground, half-stunning her. Her astonishment was almost greater than her fear of him, which was real enough, and she pulled herself up, dazed, and seized his shirt in supplication. He knocked her hand away. â€Å"What did he ever do that you needed to kill him?† he cried. â€Å"Tell me that, if you can!† And she looked at the dead man. Then she looked back at Will and shook her head sadly. â€Å"No, I can’t explain,† she said. â€Å"You’re too young. It wouldn’t make sense to you. I loved him. That’s all. That’s enough.† And before Will could stop her, she fell softly sideways, her hand on the hilt of the knife she had just taken from her own belt and pushed between her ribs. Will felt no horror, only desolation and bafflement. He stood up slowly and looked down at the dead witch, at her rich black hair, her flushed cheeks, her smooth pale limbs wet with rain, her lips parted like a lover’s. â€Å"I don’t understand,† he said aloud. â€Å"It’s too strange.† Will turned back to the dead man, his father. A thousand things jostled at his throat, and only the dashing rain cooled the hotness in his eyes. The little lantern still flickered and flared as the draft through the ill-fitting window licked around the flame, and by its light Will knelt and put his hands on the man’s body, touching his face, his shoulders, his chest, closing his eyes, pushing the wet gray hair off his forehead, pressing his hands to the rough cheeks, closing his father’s mouth, squeezing his hands. â€Å"Father,† he said, â€Å"Dad, Daddy†¦ Father†¦ I don’t understand why she did that. It’s too strange for me. But whatever you wanted me to do, I promise, I swear I’ll do it. I’ll fight. I’ll be a warrior. I will. This knife, I’ll take it to Lord Asriel, wherever he is, and I’ll help him fight that enemy. I’ll do it. You can rest now. It’s all right. You can sleep now.† Beside the dead man lay his deerskin pack with the oilskin and the lantern and the little horn box of bloodmoss ointment. Will picked them up, and then he noticed his father’s feather-trimmed cloak trailing behind his body on the ground, heavy and sodden but warm. His father had no more use for it, and Will was shaking with cold. He unfastened the bronze buckle at the dead man’s throat and swung the canvas pack over his shoulder before wrapping the cloak around himself. He blew out the lantern and looked back at the dim shapes of his father, of the witch, of his father again before turning to go down the mountain. The stormy air was electric with whispers, and in the tearing of the wind Will could hear other sounds, too: confused echoes of cries and chanting, the clash of metal on metal, pounding wingbeats that one moment sounded so close they might actually be inside his head, and the next so far away they might have been on another planet. The rocks underfoot were slippery and loose, and it was much harder going down than it had been climbing up; but he didn’t falter. And as he turned down the last little gully before the place where he’d left Lyra sleeping, he stopped suddenly. He could see two figures simply standing there, in the dark, waiting. Will put his hand on the knife. Then one of the figures spoke. â€Å"You’re the boy with the knife?† he said, and his voice had the strange quality of those wingbeats. Whoever he was, he wasn’t a human being. â€Å"Who are you?† Will said. â€Å"Are you men, or – â€Å" â€Å"Not men, no. We are Watchers. Bene elim. In your language, angels.† Will was silent. The speaker went on: â€Å"Other angels have other functions, and other powers. Our task is simple: We need you. We have been following the shaman every inch of his way, hoping he would lead us to you, and so he has. And now we have come to guide you in turn to Lord Asriel.† â€Å"You were with my father all the time?† â€Å"Every moment.† â€Å"Did he know?† â€Å"He had no idea.† â€Å"Why didn’t you stop the witch, then? Why did you let her kill him?† â€Å"We would have done, earlier. But his task was over once he’d led us to you.† Will said nothing. His head was ringing; this was no less difficult to understand than anything else. â€Å"All right,† he said finally. â€Å"I’ll come with you. But first I must wake Lyra.† They stood aside to let him pass, and he felt a tingle in the air as he went close to them, but he ignored it and concentrated on getting down the slope toward the little shelter where Lyra was sleeping. But something made him stop. In the dimness, he could see the witches who had been guarding Lyra all sitting or standing still. They looked like statues, except that they were breathing, but they were scarcely alive. There were several black-silk-clad bodies on the ground, too, and as he gazed in horror from one to another of them, Will saw what must have happened: they had been attacked in midair by the Specters, and had fallen to their deaths, indifferently. But – â€Å"Where’s Lyra?† he cried aloud. The hollow under the rock was empty. Lyra was gone. There was something under the overhang where she’d been lying. It was Lyra’s little canvas rucksack, and from the weight of it he knew without looking that the alethiometer was still inside it. Will was shaking his head. It couldn’t be true, but it was: Lyra was gone, Lyra was captured, Lyra was lost. The two dark figures of the bene elim had not moved. But they spoke: â€Å"You must come with us now. Lord Asriel needs you at once. The enemy’s power is growing every minute. The shaman has told you what your task is. Follow us and help us win. Come with us. Come this way. Come now.† And Will looked from them to Lyra’s rucksack and back again, and he didn’t hear a word they said. How to cite The Subtle Knife Chapter Fifteen, Essay examples

Is Suicide Ever the Right Thing to Do free essay sample

Maybe you even told some of your friends that you were going to do it, and they didnt believe you, thinking it were a joke. You may have told your friends about your plans, but apparently your parents had no clue as to why you would choose to take your life, but this is the case with most teenage suicides. Suicide is the process of purposely ending ones own life. The way societies view suicide varies widely according to culture and religion. For example, many Western cultures, as well as mainstream Judaism, Islam, and Christianity tend to view killing oneself as quite negative. One myth about suicide that may be the result of this view is considering suicide to always be the result of a mental illness. Some societies also treat a suicide attempt as if it were a crime. . However, suicides are sometimes seen as understandable or even honourable in certain circumstances, such as in protest to persecution (for example, in the tragedy of Julius Caesar Cassius killed himself to make him honourable. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Suicide Ever the Right Thing to Do? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) Nearly 1 million people worldwide commit suicide each year, with anywhere from 10 million to 20 million suicide attempts annually. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for people 10-24 years of age. Teen suicide statistics for youths 15-19 years of age indicate that from 1950-1990, the frequency of suicides increased by 300% and from 1990-2003, that rate decreased by 35%. However, from 2000-2006, the rate of suicide has gradually increased, both in the 10-24 years and the 25-64 years old age groups. While the rate of murder-suicide remains low at 0. 0001%, the devastation it creates makes it a concerning public-health issue. Although the reasons why people commit suicide are multifaceted and complex, life circumstances that may immediately precede someone committing suicide include the time period of at least a week after discharge from a psychiatric hospital or a sudden change in how the person appears to feel (for example, much worse or much better). Examples of possible triggers (precipitants) for suicide are real or imagined losses, like the breakup of a romantic relationship, moving, loss (especially if by suicide) of a friend, loss of freedom, or loss of other privileges. Firearms are by far the most common methods by which people take their life, accounting for nearly 60% of suicide deaths per year. Older people are more likely to kill themselves using a firearm compared to younger people. Another suicide method used by some individuals is by threatening police officers, sometimes even with an unloaded gun or a fake weapon. That is commonly referred to as suicide by cop. Although firearms are the most common way people complete suicide, trying to overdose on medication is the most common means by which people attempt to kill themselves. According to my religion (Buddhism) suicide is not the actual answer for the whatever problem you have. Buddhism recognizes the free will, which has the ability to change and undo whatever negative actions done in the past. Even the worst criminal can change to become a pious individual. This is a fundamental teaching of Buddhism. Hence there is no fatalistic attitude, or divine ordination, for life and living. Committing suicide is an unwholesome act rooted in greed/hatred and ignorance not knowing the karmic law is a great disadvantage. The Lord Buddha said we ourselves are responsible for our own happiness and misery. We create our own hell and heaven. This bears out that each person is responsible for his own actions good or bad which yield karmic results. Sometimes when a teen enters a state of deep depression, they see suicide as a way out. They make a final solution to a temporary problem. Well, suicide is not the way to solve a bad situation in your life. Someone will always be there for you. Not only do you suffer when you commit suicide; it also affects your family, friends, and all the people around you. There are many reasons people commit suicide, depression, bad grades, pregnancy, not being able to be with the one you love, the list goes on. Especially with the recent events in Columbine High School with the suicide murder massacre, we see that this has to come to a stop. We need to work together to try to prevent suicide from happening. When a situation gets bad, do not see suicide as a way out. Wait it out, and eventually things will get better.

Biography of Andrew Young, Civil Rights Activist

Biography of Andrew Young, Civil Rights Activist Andrew Young was born March 12, 1932  in New Orleans, Louisiana. He is a pastor, civil rights activist, and former politician. As a Democrat, he was mayor of Atlanta, a U.S. congressman representing Georgia’s 5th District, and the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. He also served as executive director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and as pastor of various churches. Andrew Young Full Name: Andrew Jackson Young, Jr.Occupation: Civil rights activist, politician, pastorBorn: March 12, 1932 in New Orleans, LouisianaParents: Daisy Young and Andrew Jackson Young Sr.Education: Dillard University, Howard University, Hartford SeminaryKey Accomplishments: Atlanta mayor, US Ambassador to the United Nations, US House of RepresentativesSpouses: Jean Childs (m. 1954-1994), Carolyn McClain (m. 1996)Children: Andrea, Lisa, Paula, and Andrew Young IIIFamous Quote: â€Å"It is a blessing to die for a cause because you can so easily die for nothing.† Early Years Andrew Young grew up in a middle-class Italian neighborhood in New Orleans. His mother, Daisy Young, was a teacher, and his father, Andrew Young Sr., was a dentist. His family’s privilege, especially relative to African Americans, could not shield Young and his brother, Walt, from the racial tensions of the segregated South. His father so feared for his children’s safety in this environment that he gave them professional boxing lessons to help them protect themselves, if necessary. Andrew Young, American senator and civil-rights leader who began his career as a pastor, also worked with Martin Luther KIng, Jr. Young was the ambassador to the United Nations and the mayor of Atlanta.   CORBIS / Getty Images In 1947, Young graduated from Gilbert Academy and enrolled in Dillard University. He ultimately transferred out of Dillard, receiving his bachelor’s degree from Howard University in 1951. He went on to get a divinity degree from Hartford Theological Seminary in 1955. A Pastor, Pacifist, and Activist Young’s early career as a pastor led to some significant changes in his life. At an Alabama church, he met his first wife, Jean Childs, with whom he would go on to have four children. He also served on the pastoral staffs of Georgia churches. Early in his career, Young took an interest in the philosophy of nonviolence and civil rights. His efforts to register African Americans in the Deep South to vote led him to meet the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and join the Civil Rights Movement. He faced death threats because of his activism but continued to advocate for voting rights. He moved to New York City in 1957 to work with the National Council of Churches, but returned to the South to continue his civil rights activism in Georgia in 1961. He participated in the citizenship schools that taught rural blacks how to read and mobilize politically. African Americans who tried to exercise their voting rights in the Jim Crow South were often presented with literacy tests at the polls, though such tests were not routinely given to white voters. In fact, the examinations were used to intimidate and disenfranchise would-be black voters. Civil rights activist Andrew Young addressing the crowd at the funeral of assassinated American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr (1929 - 1968), Atlanta, Georgia, 9th April 1968.   Archive Photos / Getty Images Young’s involvement with the citizenship schools and his relationship with King resulted in him taking a prominent role in the Civil Rights Movement. Having successfully organized anti-segregation marches, Young proved himself a trustworthy activist, and he rose to the highest ranks of the SCLC. He became the organization’s executive director in 1964. During this tenure, he would serve jail time for engaging in civil rights protests in Selma, Alabama, and St. Augustine, Florida. But serving as the SCLCs executive director also led him to help draft important civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Together, these laws helped to strike down Jim Crow in the South. While Young had enjoyed a great deal of success as a civil rights activist, the movement came to a halt with the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. As the turbulent sixties came to an end, Young transitioned out of the SCLC and into the political world. A Rocky Political Career In 1972, Young made history when he became the first black person to serve as a U.S. congressman from Georgia since Reconstruction. This victory came after he lost his bid to be congressman two years earlier. After winning his congressional campaign, Young continued to champion the causes he had as a civil rights activist, including anti-poverty and educational programs. He served in the Congressional Black Caucus and advocated for pacifism; he objected to the Vietnam War and established the U.S. Institute for Peace. Mayor Andy Young (1932- ) announces his bid to run for governor of Georgia with his wife Jean who stands at right. Bettmann  / Getty Images Young left Congress when newly elected President Jimmy Carter appointed him the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations in 1977. In the role, Young advocated against racial apartheid in South Africa, but in 1979, he inadvertently sparked a controversy that led to his resignation from the post. He had a secret meeting with Zehdi Labib Terzi, the Palestinian Liberation Organizations U.N. observer. This was controversial because the U.S. is an ally of Israel and the Carter administration had promised that none of its officials would meet with the PLO until that organization formally recognized Israel’s existence. President Carter denied any responsibility for Young’s meeting with the PLO and had the unrepentant ambassador resign. Young said he felt that the secret meeting was in the nation’s best interest at the time. The PLO controversy did not interfere with Young’s political career post-White House. In 1981, he successfully campaigned to be Atlanta’s mayor, a post he held for two terms. Afterward, he entered the 1990 race to become the governor of Georgia but lost the campaign. While the loss stung, Young also played a pivotal role in bringing the 1996 Summer Olympic Games to Atlanta. He said he wanted to show the public that Atlanta â€Å"is a world-class city† as well as â€Å"a brave and beautiful city.† Young’s Influence Today In the twenty-first century, Andrew Young has remained relevant. He has served in leadership positions for various organizations, including the National Council of Churches from 2000 to 2001. He also established the Andrew Young Foundation in 2003 to advocate for human rights throughout the African diaspora.   Author Kabir Sehgal, Author and Ambassador Andrew Young, and President Bill Clinton attend the Walk In My Shoes: Conversations Between A Civil Rights Legend and His Godson on The Journey Ahead Book Event at The Paley Center for Media on February 9, 2011 in New York City.   Brian Ach / Getty Images Today, Andrew Young belongs to the select group of activists who directly witnessed the Civil Rights Movement unfold. He has documented his activism in several books, including 1994’s â€Å"A Way Out of No Way† and 2010’s â€Å"Walk in My Shoes: Conversations Between a Civil Rights Legend and His Godson on the Journey Ahead.† Young has won a number of awards, most notably the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He’s also the recipient of the NAACP’s Springarn Medal and the Democratic Party of Georgia’s John Lewis Lifetime Achievement Award. Educational institutions such as Morehouse College and Georgia State University have named the Andrew Young Center for Global Leadership and the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, respectively, after him. Young’s influential role in the Civil Rights Movement was also captured in the 2014 film â€Å"Selma,† which introduced a new generation of young people to his work. Sources â€Å"Andrew Young Fast Facts.†CNN, Feb. 27, 2019.George, Lisa. â€Å"Andrew Young On 1996 Olympics: ‘We Were Working Together.’† WABE.org, July 21, 2016. â€Å"Young, Andrew Jackson Jr.† History.House.gov.

How to Punctuate Non-He Said Attributions of Quotations

How to Punctuate Non-He Said Attributions of Quotations How to Punctuate Non-â€Å"He Said† Attributions of Quotations How to Punctuate Non-â€Å"He Said† Attributions of Quotations By Mark Nichol The speaker of a quotation or a line of dialogue is normally identified in an attribution, a phrase as simple as â€Å"he said† that attributes the words to a particular person. However, there are other ways to attribute, including the ones illustrated in these examples, that don’t explicitly require an attributive verb. The sentences below illustrate the major difference between explicit and implicit attribution: punctuation (or lack thereof). (Note that explicit and implicit are not terms of art; I’m using them in the absence of, to my knowledge, any established terminology for these distinct types of attribution.) When â€Å"he said† or the like follows a quotation, it is preceded by a comma; if, less often, the attribution comes first, a comma follows it. Meanwhile, a colon, not a comma, should follow attributions such as â€Å"She had this to say in her defense.† But note the deletion of commas or colons in revisions to the following examples in which the attribution is merely implied: 1. â€Å"I had been opening my speeches with the line, ‘Are we entering a new era of American prejudice?’† When a sentence that includes a quotation does not include an explicit attribution, and the quotation is grammatically integrated into the sentence, omit any intervening punctuation: â€Å"I had been opening my speeches with the line ‘Are we entering a new era of American prejudice?’† 2. â€Å"‘The deepest bias in the history of the American people,’ is how historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. referred to our nation’s history of anti-Catholic prejudice.† See the explanation of the revision above; the same guideline applies when the quotation opens the sentence: â€Å"‘The deepest bias in the history of the American people’ is how historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. referred to our nation’s history of anti-Catholic prejudice.† 3. â€Å"You’ll be hearing from him again† was my friend’s guess. This sentence and its attribution are simpler than the preceding sentence and its attribution, but the rule is the same when a verb follows a quotation, punctuation after the quotation is unnecessary: â€Å"‘You’ll be hearing from him again’ was my friend’s guess.† 4. â€Å"I think they’re going to have that mentality of: ‘How dare he?’† In this case, punctuation is redundant to the preposition that precedes the quotation: â€Å"I think they’re going to have that mentality of ‘How dare he?’† The statement is colloquial; if it were not a direct quotation, it could be revised to a slightly more formal version: â€Å"I think they’re going to have that ‘How dare he?’ mentality.† 5. â€Å"To pass a necessity test usually means a negative response to the question: ‘Can the same result be obtained by other means?’† As in the first example, above, this sentence’s quotation is integrated into the flow of the sentence, so no punctuation is required: â€Å"To pass a necessity test usually means a negative response to the question ‘Can the same result be obtained by other means?’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesOne Fell SwoopThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Genetic Modified Foods (Cons) Speech or Presentation

Genetic Modified Foods (Cons) - Speech or Presentation Example Many of the disadvantages associated with the GM foods are realized in environmental, medical and economic respects. The speech will seek to address the disadvantages of GM foods in a manner that would be appropriate to my three sets of audiences. It should be realized that these three sets of audiences have their own sets of reservations with respect to GM foods, and this forms the basis of their antipathy (McHughen, 2009). Environmentalists are normally concerned with the preservation of the flora and fauna across the world and greatly opposing any human activity that interferes with the functioning of the natural world. In this case, nature should be left to take its own course without destroying it. Environmentalists have associated GM foods with cases of mortality realized in certain organisms. One study revealed that butterfly caterpillars were highly susceptible to pollen from certain types of GM foods. It is said that the modified crops produced several kinds of toxins which greatly affect organisms in contact with them. In this case, my speech on the disadvantages of GM foods to the environmentalists will basically focus on the use of facts and evidence to bring out the effects of GM crops on the organisms such as plants and insects (Ruse & Castle, 2002). The focus of genetical engineering is to transfer genes from one crop to another. However, it is often realized that certain crops which were not really targeted by the gene transfer are also affected in the process. As such, the natural environment is affected as crops gain certain characteristics which are not really intended. In several areas where genetically modified crops are grown, several farmers always complain that their crops are cross-pollinated by the genetically modified crops. In the end, the genes are spread from one crop to another, which might eventually affect the characteristics of the natural crops. The speech to the environmentalists will, therefore, focus on many examples of the effects of GM foods on the natural habitat (Smith, 2007). To the health experts, the focus is the effect of the GM foods on the health of the human beings who consume it. In this regard, much research has been conducted in order to determine the health effects of GM foods. Much of this research has led to several realizations while there is still much to be uncovered. In any case, it should be realized that some of the health effects of GM foods might not be evident in the short run. It has been confirmed that many children across the developed world have at one time developed risky allergy conditions after consuming certain types of peanuts and other foods produced through genetical means (Wendy, 2005). This is a result of the genetical process in which the introduction of a new gene in the crops leads to the formation of a new allergen which causes reactions in the humans (Smith, 2007). The GM foods are generally associated with different types of allergies most of which are life threatening. My speech to the health experts would, therefore, revolve around the health issues of GM foods and provide classic cases of how these foods have caused great challenges in this respect. Apart from the known effects, there is still much information to be discovered on the effects of GM foods on human health. In this case, it is safer to avoid using such foods until much of the information has been obtained and

How relevant are the classical approaches to understanding society Essay

How relevant are the classical approaches to understanding society - Essay Example The essay will trace back to the classical approaches towards understanding of human beings with the Marxism, Functionalism and Interactivism theories and then will confer to the relevance of these theories for understanding the contemporary society. The roots of the phenomenon of this beginning traces back to our philosophers who first attempted to study the basic elements of our Universe and the nature. It was found that around 600 BC, a Greek named Thabes of Miletus (640-546 BC), became the first philosopher to speculate about the nature of the Universe in order to predict a solar Eclipse. (Lerner 2001: 20) It is amply clear that before the philosophical disposition towards the study of human beings started, philosophers were more delving into the mysteries of nature. It was only 200 years later that philosophers began to disperse their knowledge and skills in the study of the nature of human development and Plato’s philosophical statements regarding the human development was first significant contribution. But his derivations and statements of the many of the philosophers following him were indirect. For complete 2000 years, their major works were concern on physical, spatial, and temporal body, mind and soul. (Lerner 2001: 20) But his ideas presented before us not only the study of intricate human nature rather on nature or nurture issue. He said that it is not necessary for human beings to learn about their own nature, as it is inherent in them, in the form of their soul. Plato divided the soul into three parts desire, spiritual and rational whereas Aristotle looked at human beings as having only two souls: the philosophical/ theoretical and the rational. Even Giddins pinpointed to the fact that the systemic study of the human behavior and society only began during late 1700 and early 1800 after the world saw complete change in their social, economic and political set up at the aftermath of French revolution and Industrial revolution respectively

Design Of Calipers For Post Polio Paralytic Patients Engineering Essay

Design Of Calipers For Post Polio Paralytic Patients Engineering Essay ABSTRACT Over 13 million in India people suffer from various locomotor disabilities, of which 4 million have been afflicted by polio. Polio destroys the nervous system and causes paralysis of the limbs. An orthosis or brace is required to provide support to compensate for the weakened muscles, maintain proper positioning and stability of the affected joints, restore weight-bearing capabilities to the affected legs and allow the patient to walk without the risk of falls and further fractures. The objective of this project is to develop a design for adjustable polio braces, taking into consideration hinge movement at the knee. The current designs of KAFO are made of Stainless Steel, Aluminium, Thermoplastics, Reinforced Carbon fibers etc. While Aluminium is light-weight, it does not provide the required stiffness for the caliper design; Stainless Steel is corrosion resistant and has great yield strength but is heavy. Hence material analysis is done to chose a material with density between that of Aluminium and Stainless Steel, but with high ultimate strength and high fatigue endurance limit. Also the currently available designs do not incorporate flexible movement at the knee thus discomforting the patient during travel etc. The proposed design is done using CAD tools. A pilot prototype is made in PVC and field-tested to determine if adjustments can be easily performed by the patient. Based on feedback from the field-testing, the final model was designed using Titanium scr aps. ABOUT THE COMPANY M/s. AAROPNA PROTESI PRIVATE LTD. is a medical implants surgical instruments manufacturing and trading company. Our choice of this company was based on its expertise in developing biomedical instruments and implants and its association as a subsidiary of its parent company parent M/s. TITANIUM TANTALUM PRODUCTS LTD, which is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company dealing in various Titanium Products for the past 29 years. The objective of the company is to establish the necessary world-class infrastructure for design, develop, manufacture, package, trade market the Orthopaedic, Neurosurgical, Orthodontic, Dental and other similar reconstructive / replacement implants and its surgical instruments in Titanium alloys and other advanced Biomaterial. Aaropna Protesi Private Ltd. deals with designing of medical implants through biomechanical laws and the development, customization and optimization of medical implants and instruments using technology of CAD-CAM Solutions. It trades in world-class imported medical implants, surgical instruments, tools other surgical accessories in India. It has more than two decades of experience in handling Titanium, Tantalum, Zirconium and Niobium through its parent company. INTRODUCTION 1.1 WHAT IS POLIOMYELITIS? Poliomyelitis, often known as polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. [1] In about 1% of cases the virus enters the central nervous system, preferentially infecting and destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis. Different types of paralysis may occur, depending on the nerves involved; spinal polio is the most common form, characterized by asymmetric paralysis that most often involves the legs. [2] The term poliomyelitis is used to identify the disease caused by any of the three distinct variations of poliovirus. Two basic patterns of polio infection are described: a minor illness which does not involve the central nervous system (CNS), sometimes called abortive poliomyelitis, and a major illness involving the CNS, which may be paralytic or non-paralytic. [1] In most people with a normal immune system, a poliovirus infection is asymptomatic. The virus enters the central nervous system in about 3% of infections. Most patients with CNS involvement develop non-paralytic aseptic meningitis, with symptoms of headache, neck, back, abdominal and extremity pain, fever, vomiting, lethargy and irritability. [2][3] Approximately 1 in 1000 to 1 in 200 cases progress to paralytic disease, in which the muscles become weak, floppy and poorly controlled, and finally completely paralyzed; this condition is known as acute flaccid paralysis. [4] In many countries, polio or poliomyelitis was for many years the most common cause of physical disability in children.[1] Currently through vaccination programs, Polio has been eliminated in most countries, a size-able percentage of people are still affected by the crippling disease in India, Nepal, Nigeria and Afghanistan. Often the paralysis will gradually disappear, partly or completely. Any paralysis left after 7 months, however is usually permanent and certain secondary problems may develop, especially if precautions are not taken to prevent them. These problems are further disabilities or complications that can appear after, and because of, the original disability. Contracture of joints is one commonly encountered secondary problem. In this there is a shortening of muscles and tendons so that the full range of limb movement is prevented. [5] Fig. 1.1 Typical contractures in polio Other common deformities can cause deformities including over stretched joints and dislocations. Fig. 1.2 Deformities caused by polio 1.2 EVALUATING A PATIENTS NEED FOR AIDS AND PROCEDURES Step1: Observe the patient carefully and notice which parts of the body seem strong, and which seem weak. Differences between one side of the body and the other are identified such as differences in the length or thickness of the legs. Other deformities, unusual gait, tilt to one side, supporting limbs, position of hips, shoulder and curve of back are also observed. These early observations will help you know what parts of the body you most need to check for strength and range of motion. [5] Step2: This is the physical examination. It should usually include: Range-of-motion testing, especially where there might be contractures. Muscle testing, especially of muscles that may be weak. Also test muscles that need to be strong to make up for weak ones (such as arm and shoulder strength for crutch use). Check for deformities: contractures; dislocations (hip, knee, foot, shoulder and elbow); difference in leg length; tilt of hips and curve or abnormal shape of the back. Step3: After the physical exam, again observe how the patient moves or walks. The particular way of moving and walking is related with the physical findings (such as weakness of certain muscles, contractures, and leg length). Step4: Based on observations and tests, a study is done to understand what assistance might help the patient. Different aspects of the aid must be considered such as: benefit, cost, comfort, appearance, availability of materials, and whether the patient is comfortable. Step5: Once the assist device has been decided, the necessary measurements are taken to make the brace or aid. When making it, once again it is wise to put it together temporarily so that adjustments can be made before it is rivet, glue, or nail it into its final form. Step6: Have the patient try the brace or aid for a few days to get used to it and to see how well it works. If there is discomfort or any problems, alternate improvements or necessary adjustments should be made. 1.3 DESCRIPTION OF A CALIPER Braces or calipers are aids that help hold legs or other parts of the body in useful positions. They usually serve either one or both of the purposes given below: To provide support, strength/firmness to a weak joint (or joints). To help prevent or correct the deformity. ORTHOTIC DEVICE: An orthosis or orthotic is an orthopedic device that supports or corrects the function of a limb or the torso [6]. An orthopaedic brace or orthotic is an orthopaedic device used to: Control, guide, limit and/or immobilize an extremity, joint or body segment for a particular reason To restrict movement in a given direction To assist movement generally To reduce weight bearing forces for a particular purpose To aid rehabilitation from fractures after the removal of a cast To otherwise correct the shape and/or function of the body, to provide easier movement capability or reduce pain. [6] LOWER LIMB ORTHOSIS: A lower-limb orthotic is an external device that is attached to the lower limb as a whole or limb segment in order to improve its function by providing support, reducing pain through transferring load to another area or correcting flexible deformities. NOMENCLATURE FOR CALIPERS Calipers are named after the joints that they replace the function of. The following are the acronyms used: Ankle Foot Orthosis (A.F.O.) Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (K.A.F.O.) Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (H.K.A.F.O.) ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS (A.F.O.s): Ankle foot orthoses are orthotic devices encompassing the  ankle  joint and all (or part) of the  foot. AFOs are externally applied and intended to control position and motion of the ankle, compensate for weakness, or correct deformities. [6]   Fig. 1.3 Ankle Foot Orthosis KNEE ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS (K.A.F.O.): A knee-ankle-foot orthosis provides flexion, extension and mediolateral stabilization of the knee; may provide free or locked knee motion, or adjustable range of motion [7]. A knee-ankle-foot orthotic is typically designed to enable patients suffering from weakness or lack of control of the knee joint to walk safely. It is also used as an independent walking device for a walking-impaired person whose lower limb is paralyzed or whose muscle function is lost due to his spinal cord injury, diseases (such as polio), cerebrovascular disorder, external wounds and so forth. It is comprised of a main hinge assembly, an ankle assembly, a foot plate; a lower leg housing member; an upper leg housing member and supporting structure. Fig. 1.4 Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis HIP KNEE ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS (H.K.A.F.O) HKAFO is basically a KAFO with addition of hip joint and pelvic section which  provide control to selected hip motions.   The motions included at the hip are front to back, side to side, and rotation. In the HKAFO there is a minimized risk of the hip  moving out of proper position or dislocating. In this type of caliper, the  hip and lower spine is stabilized in cases where the patient is weak or paralyzed. Fig. 1.5 Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis The average weight of stainless steel calipers are given below. Table 1.1 Weight of conventional stainless steel calipers TYPE OF CALIPER WEIGHT (kg) A.F.O. 1.100 K.A.F.O. 1.600 H.K.A.F.O. 2.250 2. LITREATURE SURVEY Literatures on existing Calipers and design In the literature survey, various designs of existing calipers have been proposed. The patients comfort level, flexibility, cost-effectiveness and weight form the most important basis for the design of the caliper. Some of the recently published works are as follows: Table 2.1: Literature Survey SL.NO TITLE AUTHOR TECHNICAL DETAILS CONCLUSIONS/ LIMITATIONS 1. Anatomical Models of Diarthroidal Joints: Rigid Multibody Systems and Deformable Structures JH Heggard Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering- Volume 2, 2003 Mathematical methods to model diarthroidal joints. Modelling of the joints is necessary to be able to understand the difficulty faced in movement by a post-polio paralytic patient. The various forces and stresses acting on the joints were studied in order to understand various basic movements and to help in the design of calipers. 2. Bioengineering Analysis of Force Actions Transmitted by the Knee Joint JK Marrisson Biomedical Engineering, 5: 164-178, 1988 Determining forces acting on the knee joint as the caliper to be designed is a K.A.F.O(Knee-Ankle-Foot-Orthosis) caliper. Forces on knee joint during locomotion 3. Orthopaedic Prosthesis and Joint Implants Shan Fengwang, Lichun L, Michael J. Yaszemski Biomedical Engineering, 2: 1984 Study of Titanium and its properties such as biocompatibility, light weightedness, density, youngs modulus to check for its use in the manufacture of calipers Use of titanium in biomedical applications and how this could be extended to the manufacture of calipers and reduce the discomfort and weight of the same. 2.1 WORKFLOW Start Caliper Classification Similar Products Analysis Commercial Intelligence Material Selection Manufacturing Process Recognition of Tools and Machineries Development Design of Product Modelling Analysis Fabrication of Prototype Model Fabrication of Prototype Model Testing Verification I/P=O/P Stop Root cause analysis for failure Recognition of Caliper and its Application Fig. 2.1 Workflow 3. SELECTON OF MATERIAL For the design of a caliper, a material is chosen based on its physical properties such as tensile strength, elastic modulus, yield stress, etc. The choice of material is based on a comparative analysis of these factors. Ideally, a material should be chosen such that the caliper is: Comfortable Lightweight, yet strong Easy to handle Cost-effective Durable As attractive as possible Easy to manufacture [8] 3.1 MATERIALS CURRENTLY USED FOR PRODUCTION OF CALIPERS: Braces are made from various types of materials-plastic, elastic, metal, or a combination of similar materials.  At present calipers are of two types: Metallic made from Aluminum, Stainless steel Non-metallic- made from polypropylene, reinforced carbon Advantages of metallic calipers over non-metallic calipers: Less expensive to manufacture: Metallic calipers are cheaper to produce because those manufactured using poly-propylene require specialized moulds to shape the polymer. The biggest expense in making plastic braces is the plaster bandage used for casting a mold of the leg. Easier to customize for each patient: As the height and contours of each patient differs, the metal rods are easier to customize than plastic calipers. They are quick and easy to make They are more durable than plastic calipers. If used with sandals or clogs, in hot weather they are cooler than plastic. 3.2 TITANIUM AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL: 3.2.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM Titanium is a chemical element, metallic in nature whose chemical symbol is Ti , atomic number 22 and atomic weight 47.90. Ti is a transition metal silver in color It has the following properties: low density high tensile strength corrosion-resistant There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8%). [8] It is the ninth-most abundant element in the Earths crust (0.63% by mass) and the seventh-most abundant metal. [8] Titanium and its alloys possess suitable mechanical properties such as strength, bend strength and fatigue resistance to be used in load-bearing biomedical applications such as orthopaedics and dentistry. Titanium is a reactive metal. In air, water, or arbitrary electrolytes an oxide layer is formed on the surface of the material. This oxide belongs to one of the most resistant compounds in the mineral world. As the oxide layer is a dense film it protects the metal from chemical attack which is of importance in an aggressive biological environment. Within the human body, titanium is inert as the oxide layer which is formed is in contact with the biological tissue, is hardly soluble and in particular no ions are released that could react with other molecules. [9] There are 22 grades of commercially available alloyed and unalloyed titanium. Based on the application, a suitable grade is chosen. 3.2.2 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STAINLESS STEEL, ALUMINIUM AND TITANIUM Metals used for the purpose of designing calipers are required to have both high static and cycle-dependent properties. Tensile yield and ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity, and fatigue endurance limit are the principal metallic strength attributes that must be determined. Wear resistance is also an important criterion for all biomaterials. Excessive wear can lead to premature mechanical failure of the replacement component. Table 3.1. Comparative study of the physical properties of the different materials PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MATERIALS Stainless steel Aluminium Titanium Density (g ·cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3) 9.0 2.70 4.51 Ultimate strength (MPa) 860 455 900 Yield strength (MPa) 520 400 830 Yield stress (MPa) 210-350 40-50 240-370 Youngs modulus (GPa) 205 70 110-125 Linear coefficient of thermal expansion ( °F-1) 7.810-6 12.910-6. 5.010-6 Density: Density of a material is defined as the concentration of matter as measured by the mass per unit volume. A higher density indicates a higher mass for a particular volume. Titanium has density between stainless steel and aluminium indicating that for the same volume of material, titanium is lighter than stainless steel but heavier than aluminium. Ultimate strength: Ultimate strength, also known as tensile strength, is defined as the maximum stress a material can withstand before necking. Ultimate strength should be desirably, high for a material. Titanium has ultimate strength higher than stainless steel and twice as high as aluminium indicating that it can withstand greater tensile stress i.e. it can withstand more stress before necking. Fig.3.1 Stress-Strain curve Yield Strength: Yield strength is defined as the property of a material to resist deformation. For a good material, the yield strength should be high. The yield strength for titanium is almost twice as high as stainless steel and aluminium indicating that it can withstand more stress without deforming permanently. Yield Stress: Yield stress is defined as the minimum amount of stress which when applied to the body causes permanent deformation. Even if the applied stress is removed at this point, the object does not return to its original dimensions. The yield stress of titanium is almost equal to stainless steel but more than 6 times than that of aluminium. Youngs Modulus: Youngs modulus is the ratio between stress applied and resulting strain. It is used as a measure of change in linear dimensions upon application of tensile stress. If this ratio is large, it indicates that the material can withstand stress better with less deformation. The Youngs Modulus of titanium is higher than aluminium but lesser than that of stainless steel. The modulus is an important concern in the orthopedic application of biomaterials because: Bone has a modulus on the order of 17 GPa. The discrepancy between the modulus of bone and that of the alloys used to support structural loads means that the metallic devices implanted in the body take a disproportionate share of the load applied as stress. According to Wolffs Law, bone adapts to applied stress. Because alloys cause stress shielding one result of the adaptation is that the bone associated with the implant does not become or remain as strong as it would in the absence of an implant. [12] Linear Coefficient of Expansion: Linear coefficient of expansion is defined as the increase in length per degree rise in temperature. If a metal is alternately subjected to heating and cooling cycles, it should maintain a certain tolerance of dimensions i.e. a low coefficient of thermal expansion is desirable. The linear coefficient of expansion of titanium is much lesser than both stainless steel and aluminium indicating that the change in the dimensions of the object with change in temperature is less, which is desirable. 3.2.3 GRADES OF TITANIUM There are 22 grades of commercially available alloyed and unalloyed titanium. [10] Referenced standards: ASTM- American Standards for Testing Materials This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 338 as revised on November 2003. [15] ASTM Specification for commercially pure titanium: F-67 Table 3.2 Grades of titanium GRADE COMPOSITION Grade 1 Unalloyed titanium Grade 2 Unalloyed titanium Grade 3 Unalloyed titanium Grade 7 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium Grade 9 Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium) Grade 11 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium Grade 12 Titanium alloy (0.3 % molybdenum, 0.8 % nickel) Grade 13 Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium) Grade 14 Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium) Grade 15 Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium) Grade 16 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium Grade 17 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium Grade 18 Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium) plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium Grade 26 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium Grade 27 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium Grade 28 Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium) plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium Grade 30 Titanium alloy (0.3 % cobalt, 0.05 % palladium) Grade 31 Titanium alloy (0.3 % cobalt, 0.05 % palladium) Grade 33 Titanium alloy (0.4 % nickel, 0.015 % palladium, 0.025 % ruthenium, 0.15 % chromium) Grade 34 Titanium alloy (0.4 % nickel, 0.015 % palladium, 0.025 % ruthenium, 0.15 % chromium) Grade 35 Titanium alloy (4.5 % aluminum, 2 % molybdenum, 1.6 % vanadium, 0.5 % iron, 0.3 % silicon) Grade 36 Titanium alloy (45 % niobium) From the comparative study, the following conclusions were drawn: The yield stress, yield strength and ultimate strength are much higher for titanium. Hence it serves as a suitable material for calipers as it has to withstand the stress applied by the body weight and external forces. Lower stiffness of titanium with respect to stainless steel reduces the severity of stress-shielding. The density of titanium is lesser than stainless steel; therefore the calipers would be much lighter than those made of stainless steel, almost by half. As linear coefficient of thermal expansion is lesser for titanium, the caliper dimensions would not change much with change in temperature. Titanium is more corrosion resistant than stainless steel. Stainless steel relies on chromium to render it passive to corrosion. Titanium however develops passivity on its own from the stable oxide film that forms on its surface. Unalloyed titanium grade 2 has higher ductility and is hence, cast, formed, joined, and machined with relative ease as compared to the alloyed grades.   4. DESIGN OF CALIPER 4.1 DESIGN OF EXISTING CALIPERS 4.2 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED DESIGN Software that was used for the development of caliper design: Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009. 4.2.1 ABOUT AUTODESK INVENTOR PROFESSIONAL 2009 Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009 helps you design, visualize and stimulate the end product desired digitally. It not only includes the 3D mechanical design and CAD productivity, but also the essential tooling of various parts of the end product required such as plastic, that lends itself to manufacturing, and also facilitating in validation of the product digitally, sparing the need to test with physical prototypes.    With the integration of motion simulation and stress analysis tools in Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009, marketing a product becomes a much easier. Effective prediction on how the product will work in real-time conditions can be done and also automation of important aspects of the design such as the injection molds for plastic parts help greatly in minimizing errors to a good extent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An intuitive design environment of Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009 helps in the development of initial sketches and models of different parts. Also, this software helps by automating the basic geometrical sketches to actual prototypes making using of materials such as plastic, steel frames, tubes etc. This therefore reduces the geometry burden and the time required to make necessary changes and bring about innovation in the product, thereby reducing the time it takes to reach the market. Validation, in earlier times, was a very time consuming and expensive process involving skilled specialists but Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009 has made the entire process very simple and simulation expertise is not required now. Simulation and optimization of designs digitally has become very easy due to this software. Simple user interface helps in part by part design and integration. Stress analysis can also be performed to evaluate areas of stress concentration and hence helps in distribution of the same by slight design modifications. Improved Design: Auto Desk Inventor 2009 supports all major drawing formats like DWG and some of the improved features compared to its previous versions include: Design views in high speed Saves a lot of time. Viewing of drawings and annotation takes very less time when compared to the previous versions. Betterment in error handling High level of intelligence to give suggestions regarding geometrical issues. Faster startup time Launch time is much faster when compared to previous versions. Part by part design view Immediate definition and change in any part including dimensions and coloring and suitable assembly instantly. New Standards for 3D Modeling Ease of Use Autodesk Inventor 2009 helps focusing on the problem rather than trying to gain expertise over using the software as such, owing to its advanced user interface and features, making complex dialog boxes redundant. Inventor Fusion Simple tools to explore new shapes and easy on the spot modification of model from any source. Improved design feature creation Better control over the geometry of the design with productivity uncompromised. Assembly design features [20] Assembly Snap tool Interference analysis and contact detection Assembly configurations Large assembly performance Frame Generator Weldments Content Center Design Doctor Direct manipulation It is an important feature of Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009 which helps in uninterrupted design workflow. Being able to control all the commands exactly at the point needed gives more room for free sketching, quicker assembly and better accuracy. Sustainable Design Material selection can now be done considering environmental effects and cost effectiveness. Using Autodesk, it is now possible to access environmental information on materials required for fabrication and make prudent decisions based on careful analysis. 4.2.2 ENGINEERING DRAWINGS OF THE CALIPER During the modeling, different parameters were measured which included Diameter of the mid- thigh Diameter of distal end of the thigh Distance between mid- thigh and distal end of the thigh Diameter of proximal end of the calf Distance between distal end of the thigh and proximal end of the calf Diameter of the distal end of the calf Distance between proximal and distal end of the calf Diameter of ankle Length of the foot Breadth of the toes Breadth of mid-foot Based on these parameters, the design of the calipers was developed using Autodesk Professional Inventor 2009 The drawing was modeled in parts and later assembled into the complete caliper as shown in the drawings. All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.1 Engineering drawing of KAFO All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.2 Engineering drawing of upper leg supporting structure (thigh) All dimensions are in mmFig 4.3 Engineering drawing of lower leg supporting structure (Calf) All dimensions are in mm Fig.4.4 Engineering drawing of the ankle and foot supporting structure All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.5 Engineering drawing of Ti-Strip1 All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.6 Engineering drawing of Ti-Strip 2 All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.7 Engineering drawing of Ti-Bend Strip Fig 4.8 Engineering drawing of the Male Clamp Fig 4.9 Engineering Drawing of Female Clamp Hence, by using Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009, the design for a caliper was developed. The different parts of the caliper were developed individually and later assembled to form a complete model. These diagrams are used as a basis for the development of the prototype. The major changes that were incorporated in the design were at the knee joint: Male and Female Clamp were used to replicate the hinge joint at the knee. In order to assist in easy bending of the caliper while sitting, a rivet was introduced which when unscrewed, will faclitate flexion at the knee. This is primarily useful while sitting and travelling as the caliper need not be completely removed. 5. DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPE The development of prototype was conducted in essentially three steps: Development of PVC prototype Identification of problems and corresponding corrections made Development of titanium protoype 5.1 MANUFACTURING PROCESS There are five major steps in manufacturing the Polyvinylchloride prototype. They have been listed and enumerated below: Marking This is the foremost step in manufacturing. It is also known as Material Planning. Knowing the required dimensions is a prerequisite. Once the dimensions for every part of