The Long-Suffering and Self-Pitying Odysseus Essay

What would it take to do Odysseus. the celebrated warrior and the pride of all Greece. call uncontrollably? Surely. he must be put through some kind of utmost physical hurting that no other person could last or possibly he is even forced to watch the awful slaughtering of his companions. But more frequently than non. it is merely mere words and memories. driven on by self-pity. non atrociousnesss committed against his crew. that make Odysseus call. Alternatively of moving as a compassionate leader who grieves for his lost friends. Odysseus calls to indulge his ain sense of sorrow at his jobs. and uses this to derive attending from others. By analyzing Odysseus’ eruptions of heartache. it becomes obvious that his selfishness and pride are at the very bosom of the obstructions he has faced on his journey place. Odysseus calls to fulfill his feelings of solitariness and desperation at being so hated by the Gods. When we foremost encounter Odysseus. he is sitting entirely on Calypso’s island. â€Å"weeping. his eyes ne'er dry. his sweet life fluxing off / with the cryings he wept for his defeated journey home† ( 5. 168-169 ) . At this point. Odysseus has been a captive on Calypso’s island for seven old ages. and has an intelligibly forlorn mentality sing his journey place. However. Odysseus spends every dark on the island moving as a lover to the beautiful goddess. whom he even admits is far more lovely and alluring than the married woman he yearns to return to. Though he pines for Penelope. his Acts of the Apostless of changeless unfaithfulness show that his guilt is non plagued by his actions. He is described as being an â€Å"unwilling lover† ( 5. 172 ) . but there is no grounds to propose that Odysseus feels he is perpetrating a offense against his married woman. Alternatively. Odysseus is described as being â€Å"no longer pleased† ( 5. 170 ) by Calypso. which suggests that at one point Odysseus may hold been really satisfied with his state of affairs. until he became homesick once more. It is an admirable trait that Odysseus so longs to travel place. but his self- commiseration twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out is anything but admirable. He seems to be holding his bar and eating it excessively. After seven old ages. he is still wallowing in unhappiness. unable to see that his destiny of being alive and good ( and seduced every night ) is still a much more favourable result than what his crew encountered. His selfishness merely lets him see â€Å"how long I have suffered! † ( 7. 181 ) . Odysseus besides uses his cryings to pull strings others into sympathising with him. When Odysseus eventually gets off Calypso’s island. he is beset by still more jobs. He finally finds shelter with Alcinous. the male monarch of Phaeacia. As is the usage. he is the receiver of great cordial reception and is made to experience at place. even though his hosts have no thought who he is. However. one dark after banqueting. the bard Demodocus sings about the struggle between Odysseus and Achilles during the Trojan War. At this point. Odysseus becomes so overwrought and overcome with emotion that he â€Å"hid his face and wept† ( 8. 109 ) . The text besides says that he is â€Å"ashamed his hosts might see him casting tears† ( 8. 103 ) . but why is he shouting in the first topographic point? The bard is non even singing about all that Odysseus has suffered. and is merely mentioning to his statement with Achilles. which was a prophesied triumph mark. It is really possible that Odysseus is shouting because he wants to be found out. These people evidently adore the Odysseus they know through narratives. so wouldn’t they worship the flesh and blood version if they were of all time to run into him? Alternatively of merely stating. â€Å"I am Odysseus† . he alternatively waits. calls a 2nd clip until his heartache is publically noticed. leting people to experience regretful for him and inquire what would do him so much hurting. This gives Odysseus the perfect chance to state the atrocious narrative of his trip place. which he does. full of the problems that could hold been avoided had Odysseus restrained his pride and selfishness. The shame that Odysseus might experience at openly shouting in forepart of aliens is outweighed by the satisfaction he gets out of stating his narrative. because wretchedness does so love company. Odysseus’s pride besides prevents him from demoing regard towards his work forces. by non minding their advice and by non decently mourning their ill-timed deceases. At Alcinous’ tribunal. Odysseus recounts his experience with the Cyclops. The whole problem with this one eyed monster begins when Odysseus decides to linger in the Cyclops’s cave after eating his nutrient. to see â€Å"what gifts he would give† ( 9. 258 ) . Alternatively of welcoming the Achaeans. the monster decides to eat the work forces who had impolitely eaten his nutrient. In sudden daze and horror. Odysseus and his work forces â€Å"wept and cried aloud† ( 9. 331 ) . Finally. through a clever program by Odysseus. he and his work forces escape. but about decease once more because of his pride. Teasing back to the Cyclops. Odysseus reveals who he is. which allows the monster to about fall in their ships. and besides to publish a ailment to Poseidon that he should non allow Odysseus return place. Poseidon hears this. and as a consequence. Odysseus and his crew are from so on beset by job after job. Had Odysseus listened to his crew who begged him to go forth the cave before the Cyclops returned and besides to non boast his individuality to the monster. the work forces would hold made it safely place. Even after witnessing the cannibalism of some of his crew. Odysseus is merely â€Å"glad to get away our decease / yet sick at bosom for the companions we had lost† ( 9. 630 ) . He does non look to be excessively devastated by everything that has merely happened to him. expletive and all. Possibly it is because he is surrounded by others who portion the same destiny. and aren’t as willing to be every bit sympathetic as a group of aliens hearing the narrative from a legendary hero would be. Odysseus besides tells the narrative of the Laestrygonians. who eat a high figure of Odysseus’ crew. Once once more. Odysseus is â€Å"sick at heart† ( 10. 147 ) . but feels small else for his dead friends and does non cry at all for their memory. When his crew begins to mourn for those lost. Odysseus about seems fed up and says â€Å"They explosion into calls. howling. streaming unrecorded cryings / that gained us nil – what good can come of heartache? † ( 10. 221 ) . At this point it becomes really obvious that Odysseus merely deems it necessary to shout. when he is the one being wept for. He has no job shouting in forepart of aliens who are unwittingly praising him. he sees nil incorrect with shouting mundane for seven old ages because he is marooned with a beautiful goddess. yet there is something uneconomical about crying for work forces who were viciously killed and eaten. all because he felt the demand to state the Cyclops that he. the great Odysseu s. was the 1 who blinded him. While pride may hold been the ruin of Odysseus. without it he would ne'er hold reached the position of a hero. His pride and desire for glorification were a major drive force behind all his great schemes and war attempts. Without his strong self-esteem. Odysseus would hold alternatively been merely another expendable member of his crew. Yes. the selfishness of the crew is besides evident when they open the bag of air currents and blow the ship off class. but actions like these are to be expected from work forces who are of such low importance in the heroic poem that they are non even named. But from Odysseus. the reader should demand a higher degree of criterions. and expect him to move responsible for the work forces whose lives are entrusted into his attention. When Odysseus does non shout after his work forces are slaughtered and alternatively goes on with his work. it appears that he is merely moving as a strong leader. But when you consider other minutes when he is really weak a nd does shout openly. it is apparent to see that he merely weeps for those deserving crying for. And to Odysseus. the lone one worth casting a tear for is himself. Thesis: Alternatively of moving as a compassionate leader who grieves for his lost friends. Odysseus calls to indulge his ain sense of sorrow at his jobs. and uses this to derive attending from others. By analyzing Odysseus’ eruptions of heartache. it becomes obvious that his selfishness and pride are at the very bosom of the obstructions he has faced on his journey place. Subordinate Ideas: 1. Cries out of ego commiseration and solitariness 2. Cries to pull strings others 3. Does non esteem shipmates a. Does non listen to their advice and suffers the effects B. Does non decently mourn them when they die partially because of his actions 4. Pride and selfishness allow Odysseus to go a hero

Religious Identities as a Source of Violence the Relationship Between Religion and Other Components Free Essay Example, 1500 words

It is evident from the discussion that the general source of, or collective ideological ancestry between, institutions of faith does not diminish violence among religions. The clashes between Semitic religions, specifically Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, have been present since their foundation and are continuing. Likewise, the disagreements between Indic religions, namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism are olden and hard-wearing. On the contrary, there are cases of religious communities from very distinct ideological contexts serenely co-existing as demonstrated in the instances of Hinduism and Islam in Indonesia as well as Hinduism, Zoroastrianism and Judaism in India (Bromley Melton, 2002). From the discussion and arguments above it is evident that when religion is attached to the notion of nationality or nations and citizenship or states it consistently develops to be an origin of violence among religions. However, dissimilarities in dogmas and faiths also frequent ly fuel intra-religious violence (Haar Busuttil, 2005). The violence which they carry out is well-known in the instances of Catholics and Protestants, Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhists, Sunnis and Shias, even though the gravity of violence differs among these religious denominations. We will write a custom essay sample on Religious Identities as a Source of Violence: the Relationship Between Religion and Other Components or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In a number of instances, the new subsidiaries are not even acknowledged by the majority organization as part of their religion. The historicity evidence of the connection between religion and violence evidently shows that in various parts of the globe at various historical eras all religions were or are roots of violence. Furthermore, attaching religion with the concept of nation, state and minority group is a guaranteed incitement to generate and discharge violence. Also, religious identities can be a source of violence infusion with the notions of nation and state, with independence and capitalism, and with modernity. But ultimately, and most significantly, religion itself does not have an inherent component that could generate violence.

The History of Social Work in the Caribbean - 3239 Words

Social work and Social Welfare has been with us from as far back as the 1600s and it has always been, and has continued to be a response to human needs. In order to understand its historical development, it is necessary to examine the significant factors, which has influenced its evolution. It can be said however that factors such as the establishment of the Elizabethan poor laws, the emancipation of slavery and the social unrest which resulted in the 1937 riots, played a momentous role in the development of social work and social welfare. This was evident throughout the Caribbean since they share a common colonial history for a number of years, according to John Maxwell. For the purpose of this essay, specific focus will be on two of its†¦show more content†¦Thus, this resulted in a greater demand for social services. Compassionate persons, particularly women, observing and monitoring the conditions of ex-slaves, formed charitable organizations, in alliance with the Public Poor Relief System in order to help with their welfare. Despite the fact that the vestries were also established at this time to provide a more organized form of social services, the needs of the individuals were still not being met. Therefore according to Willoughby, in 1875 a bill was passed in the House of Assembly to appoint a Commission to investigate the administration of Poor Relief. The report subsequently listed a number of contributing factors to pauperism, which included seasonal unemployment during the end of the crop season, illness, disabilities and the payment of low wages. Included also was the fact that they were a number of broken common law unions in which the fathers were absent. Administrative problem also existed since the vestries in the eleven parishes operated separately. 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Essay on Security and Terrorism - 1182 Words

The government can implement many new methods to increase security, or better yet give off the image of better security which is what they have predominantly done, yet ultimately there will always be a way to bypass or come up with a new way to infiltrate that measure. The government so far has done a variety of things ranging from the closing of the Dulles airport (permanently), working with the FAA on new security measures, having pilots carry handguns, and a not so specific, profiling. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Well the first and easiest of the new security measures is the permanent closing of the airport, which is very near the heart of our nations political machine. Seeing how airplanes were used as weapons of mass-destruction†¦show more content†¦Security checkpoints at airports will be monitored by FBI agents, not by hired people to monitor eye movements and other such behaviors in hopes of catching the quot;not typical but otherwise looks like a normal passengerquot; passenger. Carry on luggage will be effected severely as now, they will scrutinized with a fine tooth comb and no longer will they be so liberal on what can come on and what can not. The federal government will install the latest technology in bomb-sniffing, x-ray, and whatever other devices are available, to detect any explosive or incendiary devices checked on an airplane. With all these new regulations plus a list of similar ones, there will be several unpleasant side effects for the ci tizens of this country. Passengers should expect to arrive 2.5-3 hours in advanced to make sure you will make your flight. There will be a new security tax on all tickets which will up travel prices. In addition, more electronic gadgets, which are very often used by the business traveler of today and tomorrow, will be banned and strictly checked. 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A Woman Made a Yemeni Future Free Essays

A woman made a Yemeni future The Republic of Yemen is one of the poorest countries in Arab world. Recently, Yemeni politic was rule by plain dictatorship for a long term. The economy is poor and corruptions were rampant in Yemen. We will write a custom essay sample on A Woman Made a Yemeni Future or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence the Yemeni people made a decision to stand up to establish a democratic government. The Yemen uprising was up on January 2011 in Sana’a University which is in Yemen’s capital. The leader of the protests was Tawakel Karman from Yemen. This essay will explain who Tawakel Karman is and why her accomplishments were recognized to the Nobel Peace Prize committee. Tawakel Karman is one of the greatest political activists in the world. She was born in 1979 in the port town of Taiz, which face with the Red Sea. She has been active  in searching for  freedom of expression  and  women rights in the Arab words. At the same time, she is a journalist and  a member of the  Al-Islah, which is  the largest  opposition party in Yemen. Tawakel and the protesters   shouted ‘Day for rage’ among the troops and armed government officers at the seaport of  Aden  in northern  Yemen.? She is one of the three persons who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 and became the first woman from Arabia to be awarded the prize. She has  continued to regularly partake in protest  activities to  insist on  freedom of expression  and women rights  over the past five years. The Nobel Peace Prize  Committee  in Norway admired  her achievements of â€Å"seeking  full  attribution  to the society,  claiming the  safety  and rights  of women  without violence†. In the social background of the affair, there was huge discontent towards the long term dictator government in the Arab worlds.? Thus, she decided to lead not only the victims of ‘The Arab Spring’ but also all the people who deserve better human rights. Thus, Tawakel Karman’s achievements have brought great changes not just in Yemen but in many other Arabian countries too. There are three reasons why Tawakel Karman’s achievements were deserving for winning the Nobel Peace Prize. First, she made contributions to improve Yemeni human rights and freedom of expressions, which were in a nonviolent way. Despite of the Yemeni dictator Saleh resorted to arms, she pressed for the improvement in social affair, which were great things. For example, she led a huge number of the Yemeni people and chanted their slogan in chorus again and again. Those incidents were broadcasted all over the world and aroused sympathy from many people. She indicated the Yemeni people’s strong intensions through an interview. ‘We Yemeni people do not yield the dictator-ruled government and we want freedom in a peaceful way. ‘ Second, she insisted that the Yemeni woman should be liberated from Yemeni traditional dress codes. For example, by taking off her headdress and showing her face, she insisted that the dress code is enforced not by Koran, but by male-dominated Yemeni society. Her smiles were different from what we Japanese are used to have seen, she looked very confident. However, if she did not insist the importance to break away from such a bad custom, Yemeni woman still could not share their real feelings. That is to say, they would be forced to un-sensitive communication. If I were a Yemeni woman, I could not stand such a small world and might have gone insane at least. Finally, she co-founded the human rights group ‘Woman Journalists Without Chains’ to make the Yemeni woman belong to all of the Yemeni society with safety. For example, she made full use of social network like a mobile phone to share her opinions and activity to the world. The Yemeni dominated social network looked like the Japanese painted textbook; General Headquarter censored and painted out the Japanese publications to hide the information, which they did not want to be known after World War 2 was ended. If I could not express what I want to say, nobody would understand myself. For the each reasons I stated above are about Tawakel Karman’s achievements to break away from the Yemeni social pressure in an amicable way. There is no Yemeni happiness without her achievements. Consequently, Tawakel Karman is indispensable for the Yemeni people and that is why her accomplishments were recognized the Nobel Peace Prize committee. (721words) How to cite A Woman Made a Yemeni Future, Essay examples

John Keats (848 words) Essay Example For Students

John Keats (848 words) Essay John KeatsHe started at the pacific. All his men/looked at each other with a wildsurmise/silent, upon a peak in Darien; Beauty is truth, truth Beauty,that is all/ ye know on earth, and all ye need to know; The author of theseand many other lines fixed permanently in the shared consciousness of those whospeak English, John Keats was an extremely unlikely candidate for poeticimmortality. Born into a working-class family two centuries ago. Orphaned inchildhood, his work was subjected to vicious attacks by established literarycritics, dead in his mid-twenties from tuberculosis, he overcame all obstacles,not only to write some of the finest poems in the language, but also to form, inthe minds of millions of people. John Keats was born in London on October 31,1795. The first child of Thomas Keats he was a livery-stable keeper. And hiswife Frances (Jennings) Keats was a housewife. Three more sons were born one ofwhom died in infancy. A daughter was born to the couple before Thomass deathin April 1804 from a horse accident. With four very young children to care for. Frances married a man named William Rawlings in 1805. The marriage was notsuccessful and when the couple separated in the following year she and her fourchildren went to live with her mother. John Keats received his earliesteducation at a private school in Enfield run buy the Reverend John Clarke. Amonghis classmates was the headmasters son, Charles Cowden clarke. Who would behis lifelong friend. Keatss mother died of tuberculosis in February 1810, andin 1811 he was taken out of school and apprenticed to Thomas Hammond, a surgeonat Edmonton hospital. It was during this time that he began to read poetryseriously and to write it himself. His apprenticeship ended by mutual consent in1815, and Keats went to London to study medicine at the joint school of St. Thomass and Guys Hospitals. In July 1816, he passed his examination as anapothecary, and worked until April of the next year as a medical practitioner. Keatss first volume entitled simply Poems was published in March 1817 andfailed to attract much notice beyond a favorable review from Leigh Hunt. Duringthat time Keats met Fanny Brawne, a young woman who throughout what appears tohave been for him at least. Rather tormented relationship was to be the greatlove of his brief life and to whom he became engaged some time around the end ofthe year. By December 1818 when his brother Tom died of tuberculosis. OnFebruary 3, 1820 Keats had a coughing fit that led him to hemorrhage some darkarterial blood. With his medical training he recognized the gravity of thesituation and he told his friend Charles Armitage Brown, That drop of bloodis my death-warrant; I must die. After another relapse in June 1820 Keatsdetermined to go to Italy, from whose warmer and drier climate he hoped to findsome relief of his suffering. On September 18, he sailed for Naples with a closefriend the artist Joseph Severn. Keats never saw England or fanny again. The two men took lodgings in Rome, where severn loyally cared for Keats, who retainedhis gentle and uncomplaining nature until his death on February 23, 1821. He wasnot quite four months past his twenty-fifth birthday. In addition to his poetryKeats is the author of some of the most interesting letters by any literaryfigure. In their aesthetic theorizing, their insights into nature of thecreative process and their constant display of a lovable and admirablepersonality, his letters not only complement his poetry but shows anintellectual grasp and penetration that is not always evident in the poemsthemselves. The life of Keats to some degree mythology by biographers and otherenthusiasts has done as much as anything to fashion the popular image of thepoet as a doomed and tortured soul. Scorned by an uncaring and pouring out hisheart in spasms of unrequited love. And his work has likewise done much to shapethe common view of poetry as sensuous images expressed in rhapsodic languagethat, to quot e his own lines on the nightingales song,oft-times hath/charmed magic casements, opening on the foam/ Of perilous seas, in faery landsforlorn. The best of his poems, of course, transcend such stereotypes. .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 , .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 .postImageUrl , .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 , .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28:hover , .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28:visited , .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28:active { border:0!important; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28:active , .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28 .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2a947f66948fadd62823e9a720ccb28:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Never Trust A Man Who Wears Sunglasses At Night EssayGorgeous as their music may be, they do not traffic in pretty escapistfantasies, but instead confront some of lifes most complex problems andsituations, with a constant awareness of irreducible sadness that lies at theheart of human experience. My opinion I learned more of john Keats that I everknew about him. I learned what he went threw just to become a poet and whathardships he went threw just to get there. And all of the sacrifices he madejust to become known as one of the best British writers that anyone has everlived so I end by saying that john keats in my opinion is one of the bestpoets that I have read so far. A nd I give him credit for all of the hard workand inspiration that he has put into peoples lives all over the world and ifthey have not read a peace of work by john then you should go out and read some.

The Economic Performance of the UAE

The aim of this paper was to analyze the economic performance of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In particular, the paper focused on the effect of the decline in economic growth rate in 2012 and the fiscal policy that can be implemented to boost economic growth. The IMF predicted a reduction in economic growth of the country from 4.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2012. The country’s limited capacity to increase oil production is one of the factors that were expected to cause the decline in economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Economic Performance of the United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The findings of this paper indicate that the reduction of economic growth rate would reduce the country’s real output and increase unemployment in the long-run. Consequently, the government should implement an expansionary fiscal policy in order to stimulate economic growth. Moreover, the g overnment should focus on controlling the inflation and the crowding-out effect associated with expansionary fiscal policy. Summary of the Article According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the expansion rate of the economy of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was expected to reduce from 4.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2012. The reduction was attributed to the country’s inability to increase its oil production. Nonetheless, the economy was expected to maintain its recovery. The 2009-2010 Dubai debt crisis adversely affected the country’s property industry. Consequently, Dubai World, which is a state-owned corporation, had to restructure its debts that were worth twenty five billion dollars. Nonetheless, the country was able to survive the crisis due to favorable oil prices and improved trade with Asia. According to the IMF, the uncertainty of the performance of the world economy was a threat to UAE’s forecasted growth. Concisely, continued decline in the performan ce of the world economy would limit the ability of UAE’s state-owned corporations to replace their maturing debts with new ones. Despite the efforts made to restructure the debts, most state-owned corporations still required high refinancing. The IMF also believed that the government’s decision to consolidate fiscal policy was right. Explanation of the Article based on AD-AS Model The economy of the UAE as described in the article can be explained in the framework of the aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) model. The model is made of up of three curves namely, the â€Å"aggregate demand curve (AD), the short run aggregate supply curve (SAS) and the long run supply curve (LAS)† (Rossana 81). Figure 1 shows the short run equilibrium of the economy of the UAE. Aggregate demand includes consumption by private economic entities, investments, government expenditure, and net exports (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 241). In this regard, the factors that will cau se a shift in the AD curve of UAE’s economy include foreign income, income distribution, and fiscal policy, as well as, anticipations concerning future output and prices.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Foreign income refers to the income earned in UAE’s major trading partners such as the United States of America, Europe, and Asian countries. According to the article, the recovery of the global economy is uncertain. This implies that foreign income will reduce if the global economy continues to deteriorate. Thus, the demand for UAE’s exports such as oil will reduce. As a result, the earnings of UAE’s exporting firms will decrease. This partly explains why the state-linked firms will not be able to rollover their debts if the performance of the global economy worsens. Overall, the decline in foreign income will cause the AD curve to shift to the l eft from AD0 to AD1, thereby reducing real output from Y0 to Y1. Following IMF’s prediction of economic decline, producers expect demand for their products to reduce in future. Thus, they will reduce investments and production in order to avoid the losses associated with high variable costs and low demand (Rossana 126). Similarly, consumers will associate the expected economic decline with reduced future earnings. Thus, they are likely to reduce consumption in order to save for the future. Consequently, the AD curve will shift to the left from AD0 to AD1, whereas real output will reduce from Y0 to Y1. As firms reduce investments and production in response to the expected economic decline, the â€Å"distribution of income from profit earners to wage earners is likely to worsen† (Minford and Peel 329). Generally, wage earners allocate a larger portion of their income to consumption than profit earners. Thus, allocation of income in favor of profit earners rather than wag e earners will move the AD curve to the left. Finally, the government’s plan to consolidate fiscal policy is likely to involve a reduction in public expenditure. This will lower aggregate demand, thereby shifting the AD curve to the left. The SAS illustrates the response of prices and real output to changes in aggregate demand in the short run (Romer 415). UAE’s short run supply curve will shift due to changes in productivity. The expected economic decline will lead to reduced productivity, thereby shifting the SAS curve in figure 2 to the left from SAS0 to SAS1.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Economic Performance of the United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, real output will reduce from Y0 to Y1. If the global economy continues to deteriorate, the prices of UAE’s exports will decline. This will discourage production among exporters, thereby reducing aggreg ate supply. Thus, the SAS curve will shift to the left. The expected decline in economic growth will cause the aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve to shift to the left. These shifts are associated with a reduction in real output from Y0 to Y1. As a result, the short run equilibrium of the country’s economy will shift from E0 to E1. Description of the Economic Situation of the Market The expected decline in economic growth will affect both the goods and factor markets. In the goods market, the economic decline can have positive effects for consumers. This is because inflation usually declines when economic growth reduces (Rossana 112). Concisely, economic decline reduces demand for goods and services. Thus, producers and sellers are likely to reduce the prices of their products in order to stimulate demand and to clear their stock of manufactured goods, thereby reducing inflation. In this case, the consumers will have a higher purchasing power than they had b efore the reduction of the prices. On the contrary, the price reductions will affect the producers negatively. This is because it will reduce their profit margins. In addition, some producers might sell their goods at a loss. The expected economic decline will also affect prices in the factor market. As profits reduce, companies are likely to implement cost-cutting measures such as reducing their workforce. Moreover, companies are likely to reduce their investments in new equipment or borrowing in order to expand their operations (Minford and Peel 215). In this regard, factor prices will fall. For example, wage rates are likely to reduce as companies layoff their employees. Similarly, interest rates, which is the cost of financial capital is likely to reduce as demand for loans declines. The reduction in factor prices will benefit producers by lowering their costs of production. Nonetheless, it will negatively affect suppliers of factors of production. For example, low wage rates wi ll reduce workers’ disposable income and purchasing power. The Right Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy refers to the use of â€Å"government expenditure, taxation, and borrowing to influence the level of aggregate demand, output, and jobs in an economy† (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 197). Fiscal policy enables the government to influence the pattern of expenditure and income distribution in its economy.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Keynesians believe that fiscal policy has a great impact on consumption, productivity, and job creation in an economy that has an excess capacity. Thus, the government of the UAE should implement an expansionary fiscal policy in order to prevent a recession. An expansionary fiscal policy refers to â€Å"the increase in government expenditure and or a decrease in taxes that usually results into an increase in budget deficit or a reduction in budget surplus† (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 210). Justification for Implementing Expansionary Fiscal Policy An expansionary fiscal policy should be implemented because it will enable the government to reverse the economic decline. Concisely, the policy will spur economic growth by stimulating consumption and demand. The unemployment rate in the UAE increased from 3% in 2008 to 4.2% in 2012 (Nyarko 4-15). On the contrary, the country’s inflation rate was as low as 0.7% in 2012. The increase in unemployment rate, low inflation, and the expected reduction in GDP growth suggest that the economy is operating below its potential output. The government can push the country’s real output back to its near potential level by implementing an expansionary fiscal policy that involves an increase in public spending. Government â€Å"expenditure is one of the components of aggregate demand† (Rossana 47). Thus increasing it will result into an increase in aggregate demand. Figure 3 shows the effect of an expansionary fiscal policy on real output. According to figure 3, a rise in aggregate demand due to an increase in spending by the government will move the AD curve to the right from AD0 to AD1. Consequently, the country’s real output will increase from Y0 to Yp. In this case, Yp is the potential output. As the economy moves towards its potential output, the rate of GDP growth is likely to increase. How the Expansionary Fiscal Policy will affect the Economy First, the policy will lead to increased e conomic growth, thereby improving earnings in the private and public sector. Concisely, firms are likely to increase investments and to employ more people in order to increase their production in response to the expected increase in aggregate demand (Rossana 233). In this regard, increased productivity will raise firm profits and the incomes earned by workers. The government can also create employment through the expansionary fiscal policy. For example, it can create thousands of jobs in the construction industry by constructing new roads and schools. Second, an expansionary fiscal policy is likely to be inflationary. Figure 3 shows that prices will increase from P0 to P1 as real output increases after the implementation of the expansionary fiscal policy. A sharp increase in inflation is not desirable because it will reverse the benefits of the economic growth. Concisely, a high inflation reduces consumers’ purchasing power. Thus, aggregate demand will reduce if wages are not raised in response to the increase in inflation (Minford and Peel 316). Similarly, a high inflation will raise the prices of inputs, thereby increasing production costs. If the producers are able to pass the high costs of production to consumers, the prices of various goods and services will increase, thereby reducing demand. However, producers will have to absorb the high costs of production if they cannot share them with the consumers. In this case, firm profits will reduce in response to the high production costs. Nonetheless, the inflationary effect is not likely to be severe because the country’s inflation in 2012 was less than 1% (World Bank). Countries can increase their economic growth rate and create employment as long as they maintain a single digit inflation rate (Rossana 102). Thus, the inflation associated with the expansionary fiscal policy is not likely to be detrimental if it is less than 10%. Third, the expansionary fiscal policy is likely to increase UAEâ⠂¬â„¢s public debt if it is financed through borrowing. In 2012, the country’s public debt as a percentage of its GDP was 40%. Thus, the country is likely to fall into a debt trap if it continues to increase its public debt. A debt trap is a situation in which the government has to borrow in order to pay the interests charged on its existing debts. Countries that have fallen into debt traps often have poor credit ratings due to their limited ability to repay their loans. Thus, a low credit rating will limit the country’s ability to access capital from foreign lenders such as the IMF. High public debt is also not desirable because it involves a redistribution of income from taxpayers to holders of government debt securities (Romer 516). In this regard, it is likely to redistribute income from low-income earners who pay taxes to the rich who invest in government bonds. This is because the interests on government bonds are paid through taxes. Fourth, an expansionary fisca l policy is likely to have a crowding-out effect in the economy if it is implemented through a large deficit spending. In this case, the government will have to borrow a large amount of financial capital from the public in order to implement the policy. Conceptually, the government will be competing with private firms for capital. Consequently, interest rates will increase, thereby limiting the ability of private firms to access credit through the financial and capital markets. The government will have to increase taxes in order to repay the funds borrowed from the public. High taxes in the medium run will reduce consumers’ disposable income (Minford and Peel 117). The resulting reduction in consumption and demand, as well as, limited access to capital will lead to reduced investments. Thus, economic growth will decline. The Fiscal Policy Tools The tools that should be used to implement expansionary fiscal policy are increased government spending and tax cuts. Increased gover nment expenditure can be implemented in the following was. First, the government can increase its transfer payments. This involves increasing expenditure on social security programs such as unemployment benefit, state pension, and grants to students. Transfer payments ensure that every citizen has access to some minimum regular income (Minford and Peel 391). Transfer payments will improve the purchasing power of the poor, thereby increasing aggregate demand and economic growth. Second, the government can expand its current budget on recurrent expenditure. This involves increasing expenditure on public goods such as education and health care. In this regard, the government can increase employment in the education and health sector by hiring more teachers and nurses respectively. Additionally, the government can improve the salaries of workers in the sectors that provide public goods. Provision of public goods also involves expenditure on consumables such as stationery. Thus, aggregat e demand is likely to increase as the government increases its expenditure on public goods. This will lead to improved economic growth. Finally, government expenditure can be increased through capital spending. This involves increasing investments on infrastructure such roads, schools, and hospitals. Capital spending has a great effect on aggregate demand and supply because it stimulates high consumption. For example, construction of new roads will increase demand in the industries that supply construction materials. In addition, construction projects usually create thousands of employment opportunities. This will help the country to address the problem of persistent unemployment. Taxes can be direct or indirect. Direct taxes are charged on employment income and profits. Indirect taxes are levied on spending. They include value added tax (VAT) and excise duties on goods such as petrol. Most residents of the UAE do not pay personal income tax. Nonetheless, corporate tax is charged in most of the emirates. For example, nearly all companies in Dubai pay taxes on their earnings. In Dubai, corporate tax can be as high as 55% (Nyarko 4-15). Generally, most emirates levy corporate taxes on foreign oil companies, petrochemical firms, and foreign banks. These companies pay up to 55% of their operating profits as income tax to the government. Even though most residents of the UAE are exempted from income tax, they usually pay several indirect taxes. For example, municipal taxes of between 5% and 10% are usually levied on revenue generated from entertainment services, hotel operations, and commercial premises (Nyarko 4-15). In addition, most imported goods are subject to an import duty of up to 5%. Thus, the government can still implement the expansionary fiscal policy by reducing indirect taxes that are levied on consumption. For example, a reduction of taxes on entertainment and hotel rooms can lower the cost of staying in hotels. Consequently, hotel occupancy will inc rease, thereby raising the income of hotel owners and securing jobs in the hotel and restaurant industry. In addition, the government can reduce the corporate taxes that are paid by foreign oil and bank companies in order to improve their earnings. Lower taxes will enable these companies to allocate a better part of their earnings to investments rather than paying taxes. This will increase their productivity, thereby promoting economic growth. Impact of the Fiscal Policy Tools in the Economy Increased Government Expenditure Increased government spending will benefit the economy in the following ways. First, capital spending will lead to an increase in the total assets of the state. In particular, it will lead to expansion of the infrastructure that is necessary for the growth of businesses in the country. For example, the expansion of roads and railway systems will improve efficiency in transportation. The resulting reduction in the cost of transportation will reduce the overall cos t of producing goods and services in the economy. According to figure 4, a reduction in the cost of production shifts the aggregate supply curve downwards, thereby increasing real output from Y1 to Y2. This shows that investments on infrastructure that support economic activities will lead to high economic growth. Furthermore, foreign direct investments are likely to increase if capital spending is used to expand the country’s infrastructure. For example, more airlines are likely to operate form Dubai if its airport is expanded. This will create more jobs and spur economic growth through increased consumption. Second, provision of public goods and services such as education and health care will have positive supply-side effects in the economy by improving the quality of the country’s human capital. For example, funding higher education through grants to students will enable more people to improve their technical skills. People with high academic qualifications are like ly to be highly productive because they have the knowledge and skills that are necessary for achieving innovation (Al-Khateeb, Darrat and Elkhal 297-306). Similarly, spending on youth apprenticeship programs will enable fresh graduates to gain adequate job experience, thereby improving their employability. Concisely, it will enable the government to improve the competitiveness of the youth in the job market in order to reduce unemployment in the country. Similarly, expenditure in the health care sector will improve the health status of the citizens, thereby improving their productivity. Third, expanding social safety net programs is an effective way of improving the incomes of the poorest people in the country. By 2012, nearly 10% of the population of the United Arab Emirates was living in poverty (World Bank). Improving the income of the population living in poverty through transfer payments will boost consumption. The resulting increase in demand for goods and services will encour age producers to increase their output through new investments. Transfer payments are also a means of income and wealth redistribution in the economy. This is because transfer payment programs are financed through taxes, which are often paid by the rich. The benefit of redistributing income from the rich to the poor is that it enhances equality in the economy. Additionally, reducing income disparity reduces the chances of social unrests, which can hinder productivity and economic growth. Tax Cuts Tax cuts will affect the economy in the following ways. To begin with, reducing corporate tax will enhance investment in the economy. The oil and gas sector contributes approximately 31.3% of the GDP of the United Arab Emirates (Nyarko 4-15). Nonetheless, companies in this industry, especially, the foreign ones pay nearly 55% of their operating profits as taxes. This reduces the amount of funds that firms in the industry can allocate to investments and expansion. According to the article, r educed production in the oil and gas industry is one the factors that were expected to slow the country’s economic growth. However, productivity in the industry can be improved by lowering taxes in order to enable firms to allocate a large portion of their earnings to investments. For instance, firms in the industry can focus on oil exploration, thereby increasing the country’s oil and gas output. Any small increase in productivity in the oil and gas industry is likely to have a great multiplier effect in the economy. This is because the industry employs thousands of people and supplies oil, which is the main source of energy for production in the country. Lowering taxes is also likely to attract foreign direct investments in the country. Foreign investors often invest in countries that provide tax incentives so that they can improve their earnings. An increase in foreign direct investments will have a powerful demand-side effect in the economy. Concisely, the consumpt ions associated with new investments by foreign investors will increase the demand for various goods and services in the economy. The increase in demand will encourage producers to increase their output, thereby increasing the country’s GDP (Rossana 88). Finally, reducing the level of compulsory pension contribution will improve the purchasing power of the citizens. Concisely, a reduction of the compulsory contributions will enable the citizens to have a high disposable income, which will enable them to purchase more goods and services. Impact on Macroeconomic Indicators The article highlights three important macroeconomic factors, which have implications for the country. These include the expected reduction in GDP growth, planned fiscal consolidation, and uncertain performance of the world economy and financial markets. These factors will affect the country’s unemployment and output in the following ways. Output The forecasted reduction in economic growth means that t he country’s output (measured by GDP) expanded at a slower rate in 2012 than in the previous year. Expectations concerning future decline in economic activity usually influence production decisions. Producers and investors associate a reduction in the rate of economic growth with a decline in profits or corporate earnings (Romer 477). Thus, they are likely to reduce their output in response to the expected decline in demand as the economy slows down. In this regard, expectations of a decline in future earnings will lower the country’s output. The country’s output is also likely to decline if the global economic environment continues to deteriorate. Concisely, poor performance of the world economy will reduce the demand for the country’s main exports such as oil. Thus, UAE’s exporters will reduce their output in response to the low demand for their products. Similarly, uncertainty in the global financial environment will limit the ability of UAEâ₠¬â„¢s firms to access credit from foreign markets. This will limit investments and reduce the country’s output. Fiscal consolidation involves implementing strategies that enable the government to reduce its budget deficit and overall public debt (Rossana 121). Thus, fiscal consolidation involves a reduction in public spending by the government. Reducing government expenditure is essentially a contractionary fiscal policy. According to figure 5, a reduction in government spending will cause a shift in the aggregate demand curve to the left, thereby reducing real output from Y0 to Y1. Thus, fiscal consolidation is likely to reduce the country’s output. Unemployment Unemployment is a lagging macroeconomic indicator because it usually takes time to respond to a change in GDP growth. Thus, the country’s unemployment rate may not change significantly in the short run as the economy slows down. Reducing the workforce in response to falling demand and hiring new employe es as economic activity improves usually involves high costs. Thus, firms are likely to retain their employees in the short run even if the rate of GDP growth is reducing. In this case, the unemployment rate may not increase by a big margin. Okun’s law suggests a negative long run relationship between unemployment and GDP growth (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 245). Thus, if the country’s economic decline persists for a long time, unemployment rate will increase. This is because firms will opt to reduce their workforce in order to avoid high fixed costs. According to Okun’s law, the rate at which new jobs are created depends on the rate of GDP growth. Thus, a reduction in the growth of the country’s GDP will slow the rate at which new jobs are created. Hence, the problem of high unemployment will persist. Conclusion The IMF expected the rate of GDP growth in the UAE to decline from 4.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2012. This decline was attributed to the countryâ€⠄¢s limited capacity to increase oil production and uncertain global economic environment. The country’s government can stimulate economic growth by implementing an expansionary fiscal policy. In particular, it should increase public spending and reduce taxes. An expansionary fiscal policy is appropriate because the country has a low inflation rate, whereas its unemployment rate is high. Additionally, the policy will stimulate demand, thereby increasing the rate of GDP growth. Nonetheless, an expansionary fiscal policy is likely to be inflationary. Moreover, it can crowd-out investments in the private sector and increase public debt if it is financed through large-scale borrowing. In this regard, the government should also implement policies that will prevent high inflation and the crowding-out effect. Appendix Figure 1: AD-AS Model (shift in AD curve) Figure 2: AD-AS Model (shift in SAS curve) Figure 3: Effect of expansionary fiscal policy Figure 4: Effect of reduced prod uction costs Figure 5: effect of fiscal consolidation Works Cited Al-Khateeb, Faisal, Ali Darrat and Khaled Elkhal. â€Å"The UAE Growth Surge: Have Information Technology and Human Capital Contributed?† Studies in Economics adn Finance 24.4 (2007): 297-306. Print. Chamberlin, Graeme, Linda Linda and Yi-Chuang Yueh. Macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. Minford, Patrick and David Peel. Advanced Macroeconomics. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002. Print. Nyarko, Yaw. The United Arab Emirates. Business. New York: UNU-WIDER, 2013. Print. Romer, David. Advanced Macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print. Rossana, Robert. Macroeconomics. London: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. World Bank. UAE Economic Indicators. World Bank Group, 31 Dec. 2012. Web. This report on The Economic Performance of the United Arab Emirates was written and submitted by user Jaqueline Foley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.